Sabbin asali kuma na asali TPA3116D2DADR Haɗaɗɗen kewaye IC Chips kayan lantarki

A farkon kwanakin guntu na semiconductor, silicon ba shine babban hali ba, germanium shine.Na farko transistor shine transistor na tushen germanium kuma guntun da'ira na farko shine guntu na germanium.
Bardeen da Bratton ne suka kirkiri transistor na farko, wadanda suka kirkiro transistor (BJT).Shockley ya kirkiro diode na farko na P/N kuma, nan da nan, wannan nau'in junction da Shockley ya tsara ya zama daidaitaccen tsari na BJT kuma yana aiki a yau.Su ukun kuma an ba su lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physics a wannan shekarar a 1956.
Ana iya fahimtar transistor a matsayin ƙaramin canji.Dangane da kaddarorin semiconductor, ana iya samar da wani nau'in semiconductor na nau'in N ta hanyar doping semiconductor tare da phosphorus da nau'in semiconductor na nau'in P tare da boron.Haɗuwa da nau'in N-type da P-type semiconductor sun samar da haɗin PN, wani muhimmin tsari a cikin kwakwalwan lantarki;wannan yana ba da damar takamaiman ayyuka na dabaru (kamar tare da-ƙofofi, ko-ƙofofi, waɗanda ba ƙofofi, da sauransu).
Germanium, duk da haka, yana da wasu matsaloli masu wuyar gaske, kamar yawancin lahani na mu'amala a cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermal, da rashin ƙarancin oxides.Haka kuma, germanium wani sinadari ne da ba kasafai ba, yana da kashi 7 kacal a cikin miliyan daya a cikin ɓawon burodin duniya, haka nan ma’adinan germanium su ma suna warwatse sosai.Saboda germanium yana da wuya sosai kuma ba a mai da hankali ba ne farashin albarkatun germanium ya kasance mai girma;abubuwa ba kasafai ba ne, kuma tsadar kayan da aka yi amfani da su ya sa germanium transistor ba su da rahusa, don haka da wuya a samar da transistor na germanium a babban sikeli.

Masu bincike, don haka, sun yi tsalle sama da matakin da suka dubi silinda.Kuna iya cewa duk rashin lafiyar germanium fa'idodin siliki ne.

Silicon ne na biyu mafi yawan kashi bayan oxygen, amma ka m ba za ka iya samun silicon monomers a cikin yanayi;Abubuwan da aka fi sani da shi sune silica da silicates.Daga cikin waɗannan, silica bi da bi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan yashi.Bugu da ƙari, mahadi irin su feldspar, granite, da quartz duk sun dogara ne akan mahadi na silica-oxygen.

Silicon yana da kwanciyar hankali, yana da ƙaƙƙarfan, babban dielectric akai-akai, kuma ana iya shirya shi cikin sauƙi tare da ƙirar siliki-silicon oxide tare da ƴan lahani na tsaka-tsaki.

Silicon oxide ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa (germanium oxide yana narkewa a cikin ruwa) kuma ba zai iya narkewa a yawancin acid, wanda shine kawai daidaitaccen madaidaicin dabarar bugu na lalata da ake amfani da su don buga allo.Samfurin wannan haɗin gwiwa shine tsarin shimfidar wuri don haɗaɗɗun da'irori waɗanda ke ci gaba har yau.
Silicon crystal ginshikan

Tafiya ta Silicon zuwa saman
Hasashen da ya gaza: An ce Shockley ya ga babbar dama ta kasuwa a daidai lokacin da har yanzu babu wanda ya yi nasarar yin transistor silicon;shi ya sa ya bar Bell Labs a 1956 ya kafa nasa kamfani a California.Abin takaici, Shockley ba ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa ba ne kuma gudanar da kasuwancinsa aikin wawa ne idan aka kwatanta da ƙwarewar karatunsa.Don haka Shockley da kansa bai cika burin maye gurbin germanium da silicon ba, kuma mataki na sauran rayuwarsa shi ne mumbari a Jami'ar Stanford.Shekara guda da kafuwarta, hazikan samari takwas da ya dauko sun yi kaura daga gare shi gaba daya, kuma “masu cin amana takwas” ne suka kammala burin maye gurbin germanium da siliki.

Tashi na siliki transistor

Kafin Eight Renegades ya kafa Fairchild Semiconductor, germanium transistor sune babbar kasuwa don transistor, tare da kusan transistor miliyan 30 da aka kera a Amurka a cikin 1957, transistors silicon transistor miliyan ɗaya kawai da kusan transistors germanium miliyan 29.Tare da kashi 20% na kasuwa, Texas Instruments ya zama kato a cikin kasuwar transistor.
Takwas Renegades da Fairchild Semiconductor

Manyan kwastomomin kasuwar, gwamnatin Amurka da sojoji, suna son yin amfani da kwakwalwan kwamfuta da yawa a cikin rokoki da makami mai linzami, da haɓaka nauyin ƙaddamar da ƙima mai mahimmanci da haɓaka amincin tashoshin sarrafawa.Amma transistors kuma za su fuskanci matsanancin yanayin aiki wanda ya haifar da yanayin zafi da tashin hankali.

Germanium shine farkon wanda zai yi hasara idan yazo da yanayin zafi: germanium transistor zai iya jure yanayin zafi na 80 ° C kawai, yayin da bukatun soja shine aiki mai tsayi ko da a 200 ° C.Silikon transistor kawai ne ke iya jure wannan zafin.
Silikon transistor na gargajiya

Fairchild ya ƙirƙira tsarin yin transistor na silicon, yana mai da su masu sauƙi da inganci kamar littattafan bugu kuma mai rahusa fiye da transistor na germanium a farashi.Tsarin Fairchild na yin transistor silicon yana da tsauri kamar haka.

Da farko, a kan zana shimfidar wuri da hannu, wani lokaci kuma mai girma har ya ɗauki bango, sa'an nan kuma a ɗauki hoton a mayar da zanen zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin takarda mai ɗaukar hoto, sau da yawa tare da hanyoyi biyu na zanen gado uku, kowannensu yana wakiltar nau'in kewayawa.

Abu na biyu, ana amfani da Layer na kayan da ke da haske a kan wafer siliki mai santsi da kuma goge, kuma ana amfani da UV/Laser don kare tsarin kewayawa daga takardar transillumination akan wafer silicon.

Abu na uku, wurare da layin da ke cikin duhun ɓangaren takardar transillumination suna barin ƙirar da ba a bayyana ba akan wafer silicon;waɗannan sifofin da ba a bayyana ba ana tsabtace su tare da maganin acid, kuma ko dai an ƙara ƙazanta na semiconductor (dabarun watsawa) ko kuma an sanya masu sarrafa karfe.

Na hudu, maimaita matakan ukun da ke sama na kowane wafer mai haske, za a iya samun adadi mai yawa na transistor a kan wafer silicon, wanda mata masu aiki ke yankewa a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, sannan a haɗa su da wayoyi, sannan a tattara su, a gwada su, ana sayar da su.

Tare da transistor na silicon da aka samu da yawa, waɗanda suka kafa Fairchild guda takwas sun kasance daga cikin kamfanonin da za su iya tsayawa tare da irin waɗannan ƙattai kamar Texas Instruments.

Muhimmin turawa - Intel
Ƙirƙirar da'irar haɗaɗɗiyar hanya ce ta gaba wacce ta taƙaita rinjayen germanium.A lokacin, akwai layukan fasaha guda biyu, ɗaya don haɗaɗɗun da'irori akan kwakwalwan germanium daga Texas Instruments da ɗaya don haɗaɗɗun da'irori akan kwakwalwan silicon daga Fairchild.Da farko dai, kamfanonin biyu sun yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan mallakar haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallaka, amma daga baya Ofishin Patent ya amince da mallakar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na kamfanonin biyu.
Koyaya, yayin da tsarin Fairchild ya sami ci gaba, ya zama ma'auni don haɗaɗɗun da'irori kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau.Daga baya, Noyce, wanda ya kirkiro da'irar hadedde, da Moore, wanda ya kirkiro Dokar Moore, ya bar Centron Semiconductor, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, su biyun mambobi ne na "Mayaƙa Takwas".Tare da Grove, sun ƙirƙiri abin da yanzu shine babban kamfanin guntu na semiconductor a duniya, Intel.
Masu kafa Intel guda uku, daga hagu: Grove, Noyce, da Moore

A cikin ci gaba na gaba, Intel ya tura guntun siliki.Ta doke irin waɗannan kattai kamar Texas Instruments, Motorola, da IBM don zama sarkin ma'ajiyar semiconductor da ɓangaren CPU.

Kamar yadda Intel ya zama babban dan wasa a cikin masana'antar, silicon kuma ya ƙare germanium, kuma abin da ya kasance Santa Clara Valley an sake masa suna "Silicon Valley".Tun daga nan, kwakwalwan siliki sun zama daidai da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na semiconductor a fahimtar jama'a.

Germanium, duk da haka, yana da wasu matsaloli masu wuyar warwarewa, kamar yawancin lahani na mu'amala na semiconductor, rashin kwanciyar hankali na yanayin zafi, da rashin ƙarancin oxides.Haka kuma, germanium wani sinadari ne da ba kasafai ba, wanda kashi 7 ne kacal a cikin miliyan daya a cikin ɓawon burodin duniya, haka nan ma’adinan germanium su ma suna warwatse sosai.Saboda germanium yana da wuya sosai kuma ba a mai da hankali ba ne farashin albarkatun germanium ya kasance mai girma;abubuwa ba kasafai ba ne, kuma tsadar kayan da aka yi amfani da su ya sa germanium transistor ba su da rahusa, don haka da wuya a samar da transistor na germanium a babban sikeli.

Masu bincike, don haka, sun yi tsalle sama da matakin da suka dubi silinda.Kuna iya cewa duk raunin da ke cikin germanium shine ƙarfin siliki.

Silicon ne na biyu mafi yawan kashi bayan oxygen, amma ka m ba za ka iya samun silicon monomers a cikin yanayi;Abubuwan da aka fi sani da shi sune silica da silicates.Daga cikin waɗannan, silica bi da bi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan yashi.Bugu da ƙari, mahadi irin su feldspar, granite, da quartz duk sun dogara ne akan mahadi na silica-oxygen.

Silicon yana da kwanciyar hankali, yana da ƙaƙƙarfan, babban dielectric akai-akai, kuma ana iya shirya shi cikin sauƙi tare da ƙirar siliki-silicon oxide tare da ƴan lahani na tsaka-tsaki.

Silicon oxide ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa (germanium oxide yana narkewa a cikin ruwa) kuma ba zai iya narkewa a yawancin acid, wanda shine kawai daidaitaccen madaidaicin dabarar bugu na lalata da ake amfani da su don buga allo.Samfurin wannan haɗin shine tsarin tsarin tsarin kewayawa wanda ke ci gaba har yau.