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Rarraba Muhalli & Fitarwa

hadedde da'ira (IC), wanda kuma ake kira microelectronic circuit, microchip, ko guntu, taro nalantarkiabubuwan da aka ƙirƙira a matsayin naúrar guda ɗaya, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin na'urori masu aiki (misali,transistorkumadiodes) da na'urori marasa amfani (misali,capacitorskumaresistors) kuma an gina haɗin haɗin su a kan wani siriri mai laushi nasemiconductorabu (yawancisiliki).Sakamakonkewayehaka kadan nemonolithic"guntu," wanda zai iya zama ƙanƙanta kamar 'yan santimita murabba'i ko kuma 'yan milimita kaɗan kawai.Abubuwan da'irar ɗaiɗaikun gabaɗaya suna da ƙananan ƙananan girman girman.

Haɗe-haɗeda'irori sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙirƙira natransistora 1947 taWilliam B. Shockleyda tawagarsa aKamfanin Wayar Amurka da Telegraph Bell Laboratories.Tawagar Shockley (ciki har daJohn BardeenkumaWalter H. Brattain) ya gano cewa, a cikin yanayin da ya dace,electronszai samar da shinge a saman wasulu'ulu'u, kuma sun koyi sarrafa kwarara nawutar lantarkita hanyarcrystalta hanyar sarrafa wannan shingen.Sarrafa wutar lantarki ta hanyar kristal ya ba ƙungiyar damar ƙirƙirar na'urar da za ta iya aiwatar da wasu ayyukan lantarki, kamar haɓaka sigina, waɗanda a baya suka yi ta hanyar bututu.Sun sanya wa wannan na'urar suna transistor, daga haduwar kalmomincanja wurikumaresistor.Nazarin hanyoyin ƙirƙirar na'urorin lantarki ta amfani da kayan aiki mai ƙarfi ya zama sananne da ƙarfi-jiharkayan lantarki.Na'urori masu ƙarfian tabbatar da cewa ya fi ƙarfi, sauƙin aiki da shi, ya fi dogara, ƙarami, kuma ƙasa da tsada fiye da bututun injin.Yin amfani da ka'idoji da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, injiniyoyi ba da daɗewa ba sun koyi ƙirƙirar wasu kayan aikin lantarki, kamar resistors da capacitors.Yanzu da na'urorin lantarki za su iya yin ƙanƙanta, mafi girman ɓangaren da'ira shine rashin daidaituwa tsakanin na'urorin.

Nau'in IC na asali

Analogsabaninda'irori na dijital

Analog, ko layin layi, da'irori yawanci suna amfani da ƴan abubuwa kaɗan don haka su ne wasu nau'ikan ICs mafi sauƙi.Gabaɗaya, ana haɗa da'irorin analog zuwa na'urori waɗanda ke tattara sigina dagamuhalliko aika sigina baya ga muhalli.Misali, amakirufoyana canza sautunan murya masu jujjuyawa zuwa siginar lantarki na nau'in irin ƙarfin lantarki.Da'irar analog sannan tana canza siginar ta wata hanya mai amfani-kamar ƙarawa ta ko tace ta cikin hayaniya maras so.Ana iya mayar da irin wannan siginar zuwa lasifika, wanda zai sake maimaita sautunan da makirufo ya ɗauka.Wani amfani na yau da kullun don da'irar analog shine sarrafa wasu na'urori don amsa canje-canje na ci gaba a cikin muhalli.Misali, firikwensin zafin jiki yana aika sigina daban-daban zuwa athermostat, wanda za'a iya tsara shi don kunna na'urar sanyaya iska, hita, ko tanda da zarar siginar ta kai ga wani takamaiman.daraja.

Da'irar dijital, a gefe guda, an ƙera ta don karɓar ƙarfin lantarki na takamaiman ƙimar da aka bayar.Da'irar da ke amfani da jihohi biyu kacal ana kiranta da kewayawar binary.Ƙirar da'ira tare da adadin binaryar, "kunna" da "kashe" masu wakiltar 1 da 0 (watau gaskiya da ƙarya), yana amfani da ma'anarBoolean algebra.(Ana yin lissafin lissafi kuma a cikintsarin lambar binaryemploying Boolean algebra.) Waɗannan abubuwan asali an haɗa su cikin ƙirar ICs don kwamfutoci na dijital da na'urori masu alaƙa don yin ayyukan da ake so.

Microprocessorkewaye

Microprocessorssune ICs mafi rikitarwa.Sun ƙunshi biliyoyintransistorwaɗanda aka saita azaman dubban dijital daidaikun mutanekewaye, kowannensu yana yin wasu takamaiman aikin dabaru.An gina microprocessor gaba ɗaya na waɗannan da'irar dabaru masu aiki tare da juna.Microprocessors yawanci sun ƙunshinaúrar sarrafawa ta tsakiya(CPU) na kwamfuta.

Kamar ƙungiyar maƙiya, da'irori suna yin aikinsu na dabaru kawai akan jagorar mai amfani da bandeji.Mai sarrafa bandeji a cikin microprocessor, don yin magana, ana kiransa agogo.Agogo sigina ce mai saurin musanya tsakanin jihohi biyu masu hankali.Duk lokacin da agogo ya canza yanayi, kowane tunanikewayea cikin microprocessor yayi wani abu.Ana iya yin lissafin lissafi cikin sauri, dangane da saurin (mitar agogo) na microprocessor.

Microprocessors sun ƙunshi wasu da'irori, waɗanda aka sani da rajista, waɗanda ke adana bayanai.Rajista an riga an ƙayyade wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.Kowane processor yana da nau'ikan rajista daban-daban.Ana amfani da rijistar dindindin don adana umarnin da aka riga aka tsara don ayyuka daban-daban (kamar ƙari da ninkawa).Rijista na wucin gadi na ajiyar lambobin da za a yi wa aiki da kuma sakamakon.Sauran misalan rajista sun haɗa da ma'aunin shirin (wanda ake kira ma'anar koyarwa), wanda ke ɗauke da adireshi a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar umarni na gaba;ma'anar stack (wanda kuma ake kira stack register), wanda ya ƙunshi adireshin umarni na ƙarshe da aka sanya a cikin wani yanki na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai suna stack;da kuma rajistar adireshin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda ya ƙunshi adireshin indabayanaida za a yi aiki a kai yana wurin ko kuma inda za a adana bayanan da aka sarrafa.

Microprocessors na iya yin biliyoyin ayyuka a sakan daya akan bayanai.Baya ga kwamfutoci, microprocessors sun zama ruwan dare a cikitsarin wasan bidiyo,talabijin,kyamarori, kumamotoci.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyakewaye

Microprocessors yawanci dole ne su adana ƙarin bayanai fiye da yadda za a iya gudanar da su a cikin ƴan rajista.Ana matsar da wannan ƙarin bayanin zuwa da'irar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na musamman.Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyaya ƙunshi ɗimbin ɗimbin da'irori masu kama da juna waɗanda ke amfani da jihohin ƙarfin lantarki don adana bayanai.Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma tana adana jerin umarni na wucin gadi, ko shirin, don microprocessor.

Masu kera suna ci gaba da ƙoƙari don rage girman da'irar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya - don haɓaka iyawa ba tare da ƙara sarari ba.Bugu da kari, ƙananan kayan aikin yawanci suna amfani da ƙarancin wuta, aiki da inganci, da ƙarancin ƙima.