Sabuwar Asalin XC7A50T-2CSG324I Inventory Spot Ic Chip Integrated Circuits

Halayen Samfur

Ba da rahoton Kuskuren Bayanin Samfur

Duba Makamantan

Takardu & Mai jarida

Rarraba Muhalli & Fitarwa

Hadaddiyar da'ira

Haɗaɗɗen da'ira ko haɗaɗɗen da'ira (kuma ana kiranta da IC, guntu, ko microchip) saitin nalantarki da'iroriakan ƙaramin lebur guda ɗaya (ko “guntu”) nasemiconductorabu, yawancisiliki.Lambobi masu yawana kankaninMOSFETs(karfe-oxide-semiconductortransistor mai tasirin filin) haɗa cikin ƙaramin guntu.Wannan yana haifar da da'irori waɗanda suke umarni na girma ƙarami, sauri, kuma ƙasa da tsada fiye da waɗanda aka gina su da hankali.kayan lantarki.IC tayawan samarwaiyawa, amintacce, da tsarin toshe gininhadedde kewaye zaneya tabbatar da saurin karɓar daidaitattun ICs a madadin ƙira ta amfani da hankalitransistor.Yanzu ana amfani da ICs a kusan duk kayan lantarki kuma sun kawo sauyi a duniyakayan lantarki.Kwamfutoci,wayoyin hannuda sauran sukayan aikin gidayanzu sun kasance sassan da ba za a iya raba su ba na tsarin al'ummomin zamani, wanda ya yiwu ta hanyar ƙananan girma da ƙananan farashi na ICs kamar na zamani.masu sarrafa kwamfutakumamicrocontrollers.

Haɗin kai mai girman gaskean yi amfani da shi ta hanyar ci gaban fasaha a cikinkarfe - oxide - silicon(MOS)ƙirƙira na'urar semiconductor.Tun lokacin da suka samo asali a cikin 1960s, girman, gudu, da ƙarfin kwakwalwan kwamfuta sun sami ci gaba sosai, sakamakon ci gaban fasaha wanda ya dace da mafi yawan MOS transistor akan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu girman girman - guntu na zamani na iya samun biliyoyin transistor MOS a cikin yanki girman farcen ɗan adam.Waɗannan ci gaban, kusan suna biyo bayaDokar Moore, sa kwakwalwan kwamfuta na yau sun mallaki miliyoyin sau da yawa da kuma sau dubbai na saurin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na farkon shekarun 1970.

ICs suna da manyan fa'idodi guda biyu akanm da'irori: farashi da aiki.Kudin yana da arha saboda kwakwalwan kwamfuta, tare da duk kayan aikin su, ana buga su azaman naúrar tadaukar hotomaimakon a yi transistor daya a lokaci guda.Bugu da ƙari, fakitin ICs suna amfani da ƙarancin abu fiye da da'irori masu hankali.Aiki yana da girma saboda abubuwan haɗin IC suna canzawa da sauri kuma suna cinye ƙarfi kaɗan kaɗan saboda ƙaramin girmansu da kusancinsu.Babban rashin lahani na ICs shine tsadar ƙira da ƙirƙira abubuwan da ake buƙatahotunan hoto.Wannan babban farashi na farko yana nufin ICs suna kasuwanci ne kawai lokacin dahigh samarwa kundinana jira.

Kalmomi[gyara]

Anhadedde kewayean bayyana shi da:^[1]

Da'irar da duk ko wasu daga cikin abubuwan kewayawa ke da alaƙa ba tare da rarrabuwa ba kuma suna haɗa wutar lantarki ta yadda ake ganin ba za a iya raba ta ba don dalilai na gini da kasuwanci.

Za'a iya gina kewaye da wannan ma'anar ta amfani da fasaha daban-daban, gami datransistors na bakin ciki,fasahar fim mai kauri, komatasan hadedde da'irori.Duk da haka, a general amfanihadedde kewayeya zo ne don komawa ga ginin da'ira guda ɗaya wanda aka fi sani da amonolithic hadedde kewaye, sau da yawa ana gina shi akan siliki guda ɗaya.^[2][3]

Tarihi

Ƙoƙarin farko na haɗa abubuwa da yawa a cikin na'ura ɗaya (kamar ICs na zamani) shineFarashin 3NFVacuum tube daga 1920s.Ba kamar ICs ba, an tsara shi tare da manufarkauce wa haraji, kamar a Jamus, masu karɓar rediyo suna da harajin da aka karɓa dangane da yawan masu riƙe da mai karɓar rediyo.Ya ba masu karɓar rediyo damar samun mariƙin bututu guda ɗaya.

Tunanin farko na haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira ta koma 1949, lokacin da injiniyan JamusanciWerner Jacobi^[4](Siemens AG girma)^[5]ya shigar da takardar shaidar mallaka don haɗaɗɗiyar na'ura mai ƙarfi kamar semiconductor^[6]nuna biyartransistora kan na kowa substrate a cikin mataki ukuamplifiertsari.Jacobi ya bayyana ƙanana da arhakayan jikamar yadda hankula masana'antu aikace-aikace na patent.Ba a bayar da rahoton yin amfani da haƙƙin mallaka na kasuwanci nan take ba.

Wani farkon mai ba da ra'ayi shineGeoffrey Dummer(1909-2002), masanin kimiyyar radar da ke aiki donRoyal Radar Establishmentna BirtaniyaMa'aikatar Tsaro.Dummer ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga jama'a a Taron Taro kan Ci gaba a Ingantattun Kayan Wutar Lantarki a cikinWashington, DC7 ga Mayu 1952.^[7]Ya ba da jawabai da yawa a bainar jama'a don yada ra'ayoyinsa kuma bai yi nasara ba ya yi ƙoƙarin gina irin wannan da'ira a 1956. Tsakanin 1953 da 1957,Sidney Darlingtonda Yasuo Tarui (Laboratory Electrotechnical) ya gabatar da ƙirar guntu irin wannan inda transistor da yawa zasu iya raba yanki mai aiki gama gari, amma babukeɓewar lantarkidon raba su da juna.^[4]

An kunna guntun da'ira na monolithic ta hanyar ƙirƙira natsarin tsaritaJean Hoernikumap–n junction waretaKurt Lehovec.An gina abin da Hoerni ya yiMohammed M. AtallaAiki a kan wuce gona da iri, da kuma aikin Fuller da Ditzenberger a kan yaduwar boron da phosphorus najasa zuwa silicon,Karl Froschda kuma aikin Lincoln Derick akan kariya ta fuskar, daChih-Tang SaAiki a kan yaduwa masking ta oxide.^[8]