01 Tarihin girma na MCU
MCU, microcontroller, yana da sanannen suna: microcomputer guda-guntu.
Yana da gaske mai dadi wuri ne don matsar da wani sa na asali kwamfuta tsarin zuwa guntu, ciki har da na ciki version na CPU RAM ROM IO counter serial tashar jiragen ruwa, ko da yake wasan kwaikwayon ba a matsayin mai fadi kamar kwamfuta, amma yana da low ikon shirye-shirye da kuma. sassauƙa, don haka a cikin na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci, sadarwar masana'antar likitanci Motoci suna da fa'idar aikace-aikace da yawa.
An haife shi a shekara ta 1971, Intel ya tsara microprocessor na farko a duniya - lambar 4004 4-bit chip, wannan guntu yana haɗa fiye da transistor 2,000, kuma Intel ya tsara 4001, 4002, 4003 chips, RAM, ROM da rajista.
Lokacin da waɗannan samfuran guda huɗu suka tafi kasuwa, Intel ya rubuta a cikin tallan "Sanar da sabon zamani na haɗaɗɗun da'irori: microcomputers condensed akan guntu ɗaya."A wancan lokacin, kananan kwamfutoci da manyan injina sun kasance na’urori masu karfin 8-bit da 16-bit, don haka nan da nan Intel ya kaddamar da 8-bit microprocessor 8008 a shekarar 1972 don samun nasara cikin sauri a kasuwa, wanda ya bude zamanin na’urar kwamfuta guda daya.
A cikin 1976, Intel ya ƙaddamar da mai sarrafa microcomputer na farko a duniya 8748, wanda ke haɗa 8-bit CPU, 8-bit parallel I/O, 8-bit counter, RAM, ROM, da dai sauransu, wanda zai iya biyan bukatun sarrafa masana'antu gabaɗaya da sauransu. kayan aiki, wanda 8748 ke wakilta, yana buɗe binciken na'urorin microcomputer guda ɗaya a cikin filin masana'antu.
A cikin 1980s, 8-bit single-chip microcomputers sun fara zama mafi balagagge, RAM da ROM ƙarfin haɓaka ya karu, gabaɗaya tare da mu'amalar siriyal, tsarin sarrafa matakan katsewa da yawa, ƙididdiga 16-bit, da sauransu. A cikin 1983, Intel ya ƙaddamar da MCS. -96 jerin 16-bit high-performance microcontrollers, tare da 120,000 hadedde transistor.
Tun daga 1990s, microcomputer guda-chip ya shiga mataki na makarantun tunani ɗari, a cikin aiki, sauri, aminci, haɗin kai a cikin cikakkiyar fure, bisa ga adadin ragi na bas ko rajistar bayanai, daga farkon 4 bits. a hankali an haɓaka, tare da 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit da 64-bit single-chip microcomputers.
A halin yanzu, tsarin koyarwa na MCUs an raba shi zuwa CISC da RISC, kuma ainihin gine-ginen shine ARM Cortex, Intel 8051 da RISC-V.
Dangane da Brief na Kasuwancin Babban Microcontroller na kasar Sin (MCU) na shekarar 2020, samfuran 32-bit MCU sun kai kashi 55% na kasuwa, sannan samfuran 8-bit, suna lissafin 43%, samfuran 4-bit suna lissafin 2%, 16. -bit kayayyakin suna lissafin kashi 1%, ana iya ganin cewa samfuran yau da kullun a kasuwa sune MCUs 32-bit da 8-bit, kuma sararin kasuwa na samfuran MCU-bit 16 ya matse sosai.
Kayayyakin saitin umarni na CISC sun kai kashi 24% na kasuwa, saitin umarni na RISC ya kai kashi 76% na samfuran manyan kasuwanni;Intel 8051 core kayayyakin sun yi lissafin kashi 22% na kasuwa, sannan samfuran ARM Cortex-M0, suna lissafin kashi 20%, samfuran ARM Cortex-M3 sun kai 14%, samfuran ARM Cortex-M4 sun kai 12%, samfuran ARM Cortex-M0+ ya kai kashi 5%, samfuran ARM Cortex-M23 sun kai 1%, RISC-V core kayayyakin sun kai 1%, wasu kuma sun kai 24%.Kayayyakin ARM Cortex-M0+ sun kai kashi 5%, samfuran ARM Cortex-M23 sun kai 1%, RISC-V core kayayyakin sun kai 1%, wasu kuma sun kai kashi 24%.Gabaɗaya, ARM Cortex jerin abubuwan ƙira suna lissafin 52% na babban kasuwa.
Kasuwar MCU ta fuskanci raguwar farashin farashi a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, amma matsakaicin farashin siyarwar sa (ASP) yana raguwa cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.Bayan fuskantar koma bayan masana'antar kera motoci, raunin tattalin arzikin duniya, da rikicin annoba, kasuwar MCU ta fara farfadowa a cikin 2020. A cewar IC Insights, jigilar MCU ya karu da 8% a cikin 2020, kuma jimillar jigilar MCU a cikin 2021 ya karu zuwa 12%, wanda ya kai biliyan 30.9, yayin da ASPs kuma ya karu da kashi 10%, karuwar mafi girma cikin shekaru 25.
IC Insights yana tsammanin jigilar kayayyaki na MCU zai kai raka'a biliyan 35.8 a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, tare da jimlar tallace-tallace na dala biliyan 27.2.Daga cikin waɗannan, ana sa ran tallace-tallace na 32-bit MCU zai kai dala biliyan 20 tare da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar shekara-shekara na 9.4%, ana tsammanin 16-bit MCUs zai kai dala biliyan 4.7, kuma 4-bit MCUs ba a sa ran su nuna girma.
02 Motar MCU mahaukaci ta wuce
Kayan lantarki na motoci shine mafi girman yanayin aikace-aikacen MCUs.IC Insights yana tsammanin tallace-tallace na MCU na duniya zai haɓaka 10% zuwa rikodin dala biliyan 21.5 a cikin 2022, tare da MCUs na kera motoci suna girma fiye da sauran kasuwannin ƙarshen.
Fiye da kashi 40% na tallace-tallace na MCU sun fito ne daga kayan lantarki na kera motoci, kuma ana tsammanin siyar da MCU na kera za ta yi girma a CAGR na 7.7% a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, wanda ya zarce MCUs na gaba ɗaya (7.3%).
A halin yanzu, MCUs na kera motoci galibi 8-bit, 16-bit da 32-bit, kuma ragowa daban-daban na MCUs suna yin ayyuka daban-daban.
Musamman:
MCU 8-bit galibi ana amfani da ita don ingantattun ayyukan sarrafawa, kamar sarrafa kujeru, na'urorin sanyaya iska, magoya baya, tagogi, da na'urorin sarrafa kofa.
MCU-bit 16 ana amfani da shi don ƙananan jiki, kamar injin, birki na lantarki, tsarin dakatarwa da sauran tsarin wutar lantarki da watsawa.
MCU 32-bit ya dace da hankali na kera kuma ana amfani da shi galibi don babban matakin fasaha da amintaccen yanayin aikace-aikacen kamar nishaɗin kokfit, ADAS, da sarrafa jiki.
A wannan matakin, 8-bit MCUs suna girma cikin aiki da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma tare da ingancin farashin nasu, za su iya maye gurbin wasu 16-bit MCUs a cikin aikace-aikacen kuma suma suna dacewa da 4-bit MCUs.MCU 32-bit za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa mai kulawa a cikin dukkanin gine-ginen E / E na kera, wanda zai iya sarrafa raƙuman ƙananan ƙananan ƙarshen da tsakiyar tsakiyar ECU, kuma adadin amfani zai ci gaba da karuwa.
Halin da ke sama yana sa 16-bit MCU a cikin wani yanayi mara kyau, ba babba ba amma ƙasa, amma a wasu yanayin aikace-aikacen, har yanzu yana da amfani, kamar wasu mahimman aikace-aikacen tsarin wutar lantarki.
Leken asiri na kera ya haɓaka buƙatu na MCUs 32-bit, tare da sama da kashi uku cikin huɗu na tallace-tallace na MCU na kera ke fitowa daga 32-bit MCUs a cikin 2021, ana tsammanin ya kai kusan dala biliyan 5.83;16-bit MCUs za su samar da kusan dala biliyan 1.34 a cikin kudaden shiga;kuma 8-bit MCUs za su samar da kusan dala miliyan 441 a cikin kudaden shiga, a cewar rahoton McClean.
A matakin aikace-aikacen, infotainment shine yanayin aikace-aikacen tare da haɓaka mafi girma na shekara-shekara a cikin tallace-tallace na MCU na motoci, tare da haɓaka 59% a cikin 2021 idan aka kwatanta da 2020, da haɓakar kudaden shiga na 20% ga sauran yanayin.
Yanzu duk ikon lantarki na mota don amfani da ECU (na'urar sarrafa lantarki), kuma MCU ita ce core iko guntu ECU, kowane ECU yana da aƙalla MCU ɗaya, don haka matakin na yanzu na canji da haɓaka haɓakar wutar lantarki na fasaha ya haifar da buƙatar buƙata. Amfanin abin hawa ɗaya na MCU don haɓakawa.
Bisa kididdigar da ma'aikatar bincike ta kwamitin kwararru kan harkokin tallace-tallacen motoci na cibiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta nuna, matsakaicin adadin ECUs da motocin man fetur na gargajiya na gargajiya ya kai 70;adadin ECUs da ke ɗauke da motocin man fetur na gargajiya na al'ada na iya kaiwa 150 saboda buƙatun aikin da ake buƙata don kujeru, kulawa ta tsakiya da nishaɗi, kwanciyar hankali da aminci;kuma matsakaicin adadin ECUs da motoci masu kaifin basira zai iya kaiwa 300 saboda sabbin kayan masarufi da kayan masarufi don tuki mai cin gashin kai da taimakon tuki, wanda ya yi daidai da adadin MCU da motoci guda ɗaya ke amfani da shi zai kai fiye da 300.
Ƙarfin buƙatun MCUs daga masu kera motoci ya bayyana musamman a cikin 2021, lokacin da ake fama da ƙarancin ƙima sakamakon cutar.A waccan shekarar, yawancin kamfanonin mota dole ne su rufe wasu layukan samarwa a taƙaice saboda ƙarancin ƙima, amma tallace-tallace na MCUs na kera motoci ya karu da kashi 23% zuwa dala biliyan 7.6, rikodin rikodin.
Yawancin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na kera ana samar da su ta amfani da wafers 8-inch, wasu masana'antun kamar TI zuwa 12-inch canja wurin layin, IDM kuma za su kasance wani ɓangare na tushen ikon fitar da kayayyaki, wanda MCU ke mamaye, kusan 70% na ƙarfin TSMC. .Koyaya, kasuwancin kera da kanta yana da ɗan ƙaramin kaso na TSMC, kuma TSMC yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban fasahar aiwatar da kayan lantarki na mabukaci, don haka kasuwar MCU na kera ke da ƙarancin gaske.
Karancin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na kera motoci wanda dukkanin masana'antar semiconductor ke jagoranta kuma ya haifar da haɓakar haɓakawa, manyan wuraren da aka samo asali da tsire-tsire na IDM don faɗaɗa samarwa sosai, amma abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ya bambanta.
Ana sa ran fara aiki da kamfanin na TSMC Kumamoto a karshen shekarar 2024, baya ga aikin 22/28nm, zai kara samar da tsarin 12 da 16nm, kuma kamfanin na Nanjing zai fadada samar da shi zuwa 28nm, tare da karfin samar da wutar lantarki duk wata. guda 40,000;
SMIC na shirin fadada samarwa da akalla 45,000 wafers 8-inch da akalla 10,000 12 wafers a cikin 2021, da kuma gina layin samar da inci 12 tare da karfin wafers 120,000 kowane wata a Lingang, yana mai da hankali kan 28nm da sama nodes.
Huahong yana tsammanin haɓaka haɓaka ƙarfin samar da inci 12 zuwa guda 94,500 a cikin 2022;
Renesas ya sanar da hannun jarin sa a masana'antar Kumamoto ta TSMC tare da niyyar fadada fitar da kayayyaki, kuma yana da niyyar haɓaka samar da motoci na MCU da kashi 50 cikin 100 nan da 2023, tare da babban ƙarfin MCU da ake tsammanin zai ƙaru da 50% da ƙarancin ƙarancin MCU da kusan 70% idan aka kwatanta da karshen 2021.
STMicroelectronics za ta kashe dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin 2022 don faɗaɗawa, kuma tana shirin ninka ƙarfin tsirrai na Turai nan da 2025, galibi don haɓaka ƙarfin 12-inch, kuma don ƙarfin 8-inch, STMicroelectronics za ta zaɓi haɓaka don samfuran da ba sa buƙatar 12- inch fasaha.
Texas Instruments za ta kara sabbin tsire-tsire hudu, ana sa ran fara fara aiki a shekarar 2025, kuma za a gina na uku da na hudu tsakanin 2026 da 2030;
ON Semiconductor ya haɓaka babban jarin sa zuwa 12%, galibi don haɓaka ƙarfin wafer inch 12.
Bayanan IC yana da bayanai masu ban sha'awa cewa ASP na duk 32-bit MCUs yana raguwa a CAGR na -4.4% kowace shekara tsakanin 2015 da 2020, amma ya tashi kusan 13% zuwa kusan $ 0.72 a cikin 2021. An nuna a cikin kasuwar tabo. , Canjin farashin MCU na motoci ya fi bayyane: NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH tare da farashin tsaye na $22 ya haura zuwa $550, kewayon fiye da sau 20, wanda shine ɗayan mafi ƙarancin kwakwalwan kera motoci a wancan lokacin.
Infineon 32-bit automotive MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC ya tashi zuwa yuan 4,500, karuwar kusan sau 100, irin wannan jerin SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC kuma ya haura zuwa fiye da yuan 2,000.
A gefe guda, na'urorin lantarki na asali masu zafi sun fara yin sanyi, ƙarancin buƙata, da haɓakar maye gurbin gida, yin manufa ta gaba ɗaya, farashin MCU masu amfani da baya, wasu nau'ikan guntu na ST kamar F0/F1/F3. jerin farashin ya zo kusa da farashin al'ada, har ma da jita-jita na kasuwa cewa farashin wasu MCUs ya fadi ta hanyar farashin hukumar.
Koyaya, MCUs na kera motoci kamar Renesas, NXP, Infineon, da ST har yanzu suna cikin yanayin ƙarancin dangi.Misali, farashin MCU STM32H743VIT6 mai karfin 32-bit na ST ya haura yuan 600 a karshen shekarar da ta gabata, yayin da farashinsa ya kai yuan 48 kacal shekaru biyu da suka gabata.Ƙaruwar ya fi sau 10;Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC farashin kasuwa a watan Oktoban bara a kusan $1200, Disamba yana ba da har zuwa $3800, har ma a kan shafukan yanar gizo na ɓangare na uku suna ba da fiye da $ 5000.
03 Kasuwar tana da girma, kuma abin da ake samarwa a cikin gida kaɗan ne
Yanayin gasa na MCU kamar yadda manyan ƴan ƙasashen ketare ke mamaye su kamar yadda duk yanayin gasa na semiconductor.A cikin 2021, manyan dillalai biyar na MCU sune NXP, Microchip, Renesas, ST, da Infineon.Waɗannan dillalai guda biyar na MCU sun kai kashi 82.1% na jimlar tallace-tallace na duniya, idan aka kwatanta da 72.2% a cikin 2016, tare da girman kamfanonin kanun labarai da ke haɓaka a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Idan aka kwatanta da mabukaci da kuma masana'antu MCU, mota MCU takardar shaida bakin kofa ne mai girma da takardar shaida lokaci ne dogon, da takardar shaida tsarin hada da ISO26262 misali takardar shaida, AEC-Q001 ~ 004 da IATF16949 misali takardar shaida, AEC-Q100/Q104 misali takardar shaida, wanda a kan ISO262 Tsaron aikin mota ya kasu kashi huɗu na ASIL-A zuwa D. Misali, chassis da sauran al'amuran suna da mafi girman buƙatun aminci kuma suna buƙatar takaddun matakin ASIL-D, ƴan masana'antun guntu na iya cika sharuɗɗan.
Dangane da bayanan Binciken Dabarun, kasuwar MCU na duniya da na gida na kera motoci galibi sun mamaye NXP, Renesas, Infineon, Texas Instruments, Microchip, tare da kaso na kasuwa na 85%.Duk da cewa 32-bit MCUs har yanzu manyan ƴan ƙasashen waje ne ke mallakar su, wasu kamfanonin cikin gida sun tashi.
04 Kammalawa
Haɓaka saurin haɓaka motocin lantarki masu hankali, don haka adadin masu kera guntu mabukaci sun shiga, kamar Nvidia, Qualcomm, Intel sun kasance a cikin kokfit mai hankali, ci gaban guntu mai sarrafa kansa, matsawa sararin rayuwa na tsoffin masana'antun kera motoci.Haɓaka MCUs na kera motoci ya tafi daga mai da hankali kan haɓaka kai da haɓaka aiki zuwa gasa duka don rage farashi yayin kiyaye fa'idodin fasaha.
Tare da keɓaɓɓen gine-ginen E / E na kera daga rarraba zuwa ikon yanki, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa haɗin kai na tsakiya, za a sami ƙarin ayyuka da yawa da ƙananan guntu mai sauƙi da za a maye gurbinsu, babban aiki, babban ikon sarrafa kwamfuta da sauran babban ƙarshen. kwakwalwan kwamfuta za su zama abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga gasar guntu motoci na gaba, kamar yadda babban aikin sarrafawa na MCU ta hanyar rage adadin ECU na gaba yana da ƙananan ƙananan, kamar Tesla chassis control ECU, guda ɗaya ya ƙunshi 3-4 MCU, amma wasu ayyuka masu sauƙi na MCU na asali za a haɗa su.Gabaɗaya, kasuwa don MCUs na kera motoci da sarari don maye gurbin gida a cikin shekaru masu zuwa babu shakka yana da yawa.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-01-2023