Shahararriyarkayan aikin likitaOximeters da oxygen concentrators sun tashi kwanan nan, ta yadda ake zargi da dabi'un 'yan kasuwa kamar hauhawar farashin ƙasa, masana'anta da sayar da jabun kaya jama'a.
Idan oximeter da ake buƙata a gida shine gargaɗin farko, to, janareta na iskar oxygen ya shiga cikin jiyya na adjuvant.Yayin da aka kawar da rigakafin cutar ta China, an sayar da masu yin iskar oxygen a manyan dandamali na e-commerce tun daga ranar 23 ga Disamba. Jd.com ta bincika masu yin iskar oxygen kuma ta gano cewa manyan samfuran da yawa ba su da hannun jari a wuraren ajiya ko a wuraren da aka zaɓa.
Oxygen concentratorssun kuma yi tashin gwauron zabi saboda tsananin karanci.Wasu masu amfani da yanar gizo sun lura cewa farashin gidan yanar gizon hukuma na mai sarrafa iskar oxygen, daga yuan 2,800 zuwa fiye da yuan 5,000 cikin kasa da watanni biyu daga bikin cin kasuwa sau biyu 11 zuwa karshen watan Disamba.
Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai na cewa, wani kamfanin sadarwa na yanar gizo ya bayyana cewa, farashin injin samar da iskar oxygen na Haier 119W da ya saya a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba bai kai yuan 600 ba, amma bayan mako guda ko biyu ya tashi zuwa yuan 1,400, kuma farashin ya ninka kasa da yuan 600. wata daya.Fiye da ninki biyu.
Siyar da na'urorin likitancin gida ya karu da kashi 214 cikin 100 duk wata a watan Disamba, a cewar Suning.A ranar 26 ga Disamba, bayan budewa, "hanyoyin samar da iskar oxygen" gabaɗaya ya tashi, wandaChanghong Meiling neYa karu fiye da kashi 3%, kuma Yuyue Medical, Kangtai Medical, Zhongding Shares, da dai sauransu duk sun tashi zuwa matakai daban-daban.
A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2023, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a ta ba da sanarwar murkushe ayyukan ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar yadda doka ta tanada wajen kera da siyar da jabun magungunan da ke da alaka da annoba, na'urorin gwaji, injin samar da iskar oxygen, oximeters da sauran kayayyaki masu alaka da su. .
Lokaci na ƙarshe da injin janareta na iskar oxygen ya fashe a Indiya a cikin 2021. Annobar mai tsanani ta sa tsarin kiwon lafiya na gida ya kusan rugujewa, kuma samar da injin silinda oxygen don ceton kai a gida ya yi karanci.Yanzu bayan daidaita manufofin rigakafin cutar kanjamau na kasar Sin, an sake tayar da zafin na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen da na'urorin likitanci irin su oximeters.
01. Bukatar abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar oxygen bayan an saki rigakafin cutar
An ƙirƙiri mai tattara iskar oxygen a cikin gida a farkon 1970s.Kafin wannan, ana buƙatar manyan silinda na iskar oxygen ko ƙarancin zafin jiki na tsarin iskar oxygen don maganin iskar oxygen na gida, wanda ke buƙatar sufuri na yau da kullun daga masu ba da kaya don ƙara samar da iskar oxygen na gida.
Domin a shawo kan tsadar kayayyaki, iskar iskar oxygen ta bayyana a Amurka, wanda ya rage shingen da masana'antun ke yi na shiga kasuwa sosai, da kuma kirkirar sieves na kwayoyin halitta a shekarun 1950 ya kuma inganta yiwuwar samun iskar oxygen a gida.Har zuwa 1985, na'urar tattara iskar oxygen ta gida ta farko ta fito a Amurka.
Cutar sankarau ta duniya ta sabuwar kwayar cutar kambi da ta fara a cikin 2020, musamman ma mummunan barkewar cutar a Indiya, ya kara yawan bukatar iskar oxygen a duniya.A lokaci guda, oximeters waɗanda zasu iya auna ma'aunin iskar oxygen na jini a farkon matakin jiyya suma suna jan hankali.
Lokaci ya zuwa 2023, tare da sassaucin ra'ayi na rigakafi da shawo kan cututtuka a kasar Sin a karshen shekarar 2022, rigakafin cututtuka masu tsanani da kuma kula da marasa lafiya masu tsanani ya zama babban fifiko.
Bayan kamuwa da sabon kambi, idan akwai alamun rashin jin daɗi irin su dyspnea da hypoxemia, ana iya samun sauƙi ta hanyar iskar oxygen, kuma mai samar da iskar oxygen zai iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya a cikin gida, irin su tsofaffi masu cututtuka.
Bayanan da suka dace sun nuna cewa yin amfani da masu amfani da iskar oxygen shine masu matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, mata masu juna biyu, marasa lafiya na musamman, da dai sauransu, tare da damar da suka dace daga 1L-3L zuwa 5L-10L.Mutanen da ke da digiri daban-daban na hypoxia na iya ƙoƙarin yin amfani da abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar oxygen bayan tuntuɓar likita.
Ƙananan ƙarfin 1-2L yana cikin nau'in kula da lafiya (nau'in gida).Yana inganta yanayin samar da iskar oxygen na jiki, yana kawar da gajiya, kuma yana mayar da ayyukan jiki ta hanyar samar da iskar oxygen.Ya dace da wasu masu matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, mata masu juna biyu, da mutanen da ke da rashin lafiyar jiki waɗanda ke da alamun hypoxia., 'yan wasa, ma'aikatan jiki masu nauyi da masu amfani da hankali.Don tafiya zuwa Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, na'urorin samar da iskar iskar oxygen na iya rage rashin jin daɗi da ke haifar da tsayin daka.
Dangane da Matakan Gudanarwa don Rijista da Aiwatar da Na'urorin Likitan da aka bayar ta hanyar oda mai lamba 47 na Hukumar Kula da Kasuwa ta Jiha don Ka'idar Kasuwa a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2021, an buƙata a fili cewa a rubuta na'urorin likitanci na Class I, da ƙarfin oxygen na 1-2L. janareta na Class I ne kuma dole ne a rubuta su.Na'urorin likitanci na Class II, kamar masu tattara iskar oxygen tare da ƙarfin 3L da sama, dole ne su nemi takardar shaidar rajista.
Babban girma na 3L da sama shine digiri na likita, wanda ke kawar da cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan zuciya da na yau da kullun, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da sauran cututtukan hypoxic ta hanyar samar da iskar oxygen ga marasa lafiya.Akwai masu amfani da yaudara a kasuwa, kuma 1-2L an bayyana shi azaman mai tattara iskar oxygen na likita, wanda ke buƙatar mu buɗe idanunmu lokacin siye.
Ma'auni na iskar oxygen na likitanci na cikin aji na biyu na na'urorin likitanci tare da matsakaicin haɗari da aka ƙulla a cikin Dokokin Kulawa da Gudanar da Na'urorin Kiwon lafiya kuma suna buƙatar kulawa da kulawa sosai don tabbatar da amincin su da ingancin su, waɗanda suka dace da samar da wadataccen iskar oxygen. iska, maganin iskar oxygen ko taimako na rashin jin daɗi da ke haifar da rashin iskar oxygen.
Mai tattara iskar oxygen ɗin kuma na'urar jiyya ce ta taimako da aka ambata a sarari a cikin "Shirin Gabaɗaya don Aiwatar da "Class B da B Tube" don Cutar Cutar Coronavirus Novel.
A halin yanzu, yawancin masu samar da iskar oxygen na gida a kasuwa sune na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen na kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda ke da tsada mai arha, sauƙin amfani, sassauƙan motsi, da ɗaukar lafiya.
Ka'idar aiki ta kwayoyin sieve oxygen janareta shine fasahar jujjuyawar matsa lamba (PSA) fasaha da fasahar lalata.A lokacin aiki, ana sanya nitrogen a cikin iska kuma ana tattara sauran iskar oxygen da ke cikin iska, wanda aka tsarkake kuma a mayar da shi zuwa iskar oxygen mai yawa, sannan kuma ana ba da iskar oxygen ga marasa lafiya da tubes oxygen.Ana yin keke-da-keke gaba ɗaya lokaci-lokaci kuma a juzu'i, kuma sieve na ƙwayoyin cuta ba a cinye shi.
Ko da yake ana kiran mai samar da iskar oxygen "samar da iskar oxygen", ba ya samar da iskar oxygen a zahiri, amma yana taka rawar cirewa, tacewa, tsarkakewa da tattara iskar oxygen a cikin iska.Abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar oxygen kuma ba sa taimaka wa jikin ɗan adam ya sha iskar oxygen, yana buƙatar marasa lafiya waɗanda ke shan iskar oxygen su sami ikon yin numfashi ba da daɗewa ba.
A cikin shekaru uku na bala'in, mun haɗu da fashewar fashewar abubuwa tare da fitar da kaya daga na'urori masu auna firikwensin goshi, thermometers zuwa oximeters, injin iska, janareta na iskar oxygen, da sauransu, daga ganowa mai sauƙi zuwa jiyya, kuma matakan mayar da martani sun zama ƙari kuma. mafi cika.
Idan aka kwatanta da gargaɗin farko na oximeter, injin janareta na iskar oxygen yana taka wata rawa ta kariya ga mutanen da suke buƙata da gaske.Tare da saurin karuwar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar, halin da ake ciki yanzu yana gwada amincewar mutane game da ƙarancin albarkatun kiwon lafiya, kuma ana iya shirya mai kula da iskar oxygen ga tsofaffi, marasa lafiya da cututtukan da ke cikin ƙasa, mata masu juna biyu, da sauransu idan akwai gaggawa. .
02. Wanene ya goge cake ɗin kasuwar janareta na iskar oxygen?
Hakazalika da buƙatun na'urorin sarrafa iskar oxygen, buƙatun na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen a gida da waje ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata a ƙarƙashin cutar, kuma sikelin kasuwa na injinan iskar oxygen ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri.
A bangaren bukatar gida, bukatar samar da iskar oxygen a kasar Sin a shekarar 2019 ya kai raka'a miliyan 1.46 (+40%), kuma bukatar iskar oxygen a kasar Sin a shekarar 2021 ya kai raka'a miliyan 2.752 (+40.4%), kuma Guojin Securities yana sa ran hakan. Ana sa ran bukatar masu tattara iskar oxygen a kasar Sin zai kai fiye da raka'a miliyan 3.8 a shekarar 2022;A bangaren bukatar duniya, bisa hasashen Binciken QY, girman kasuwar duniya zai karu daga dalar Amurka miliyan 2426.54 a shekarar 2019 zuwa dala miliyan 3347.54 a shekarar 2026, tare da karuwar karuwar shekara-shekara na 4.7%.
A bangaren samar da abinci a cikin gida, a shekarar 2021, yawan samar da iskar oxygen a kasar Sin ya kai raka'a miliyan 4.16 (+98.10%);A bangaren samar da kayayyaki na duniya, sakamakon karuwar annobar duniya a shekarar 2021, masana'antun cikin gida sun ci gaba da binciken kasuwannin kasashen ketare, tare da fitar da adadin raka'a miliyan 1.4141 (+287.32%) da kuma fitar da adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 683.5668 (+298.5%). ), galibi ana fitar dashi zuwa Indiya, Myanmar da sauran ƙasashe.
Binciken QY ya annabta cewa girman kasuwar iskar oxygen ta duniya zai karu da dala biliyan 3.348 daga dala biliyan 2.427 daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2026, tare da adadin karuwar shekara-shekara na 4.70%.
Manyan masana'antun da ke samar da iskar oxygen ta likita sune Inogen, Invacare, Caire, Omron, Philips.Na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen na cikin gida sun fara a makare, galibi marasa ƙarfi, masana'antun sun haɗa da Yuyue Medical, Kefu Medical, Zhongke Meiling, Likitan Siasun da sauransu.Ya zuwa ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Jiha da hukumomin abinci da magunguna na lardi sun amince da lissafin sama da samfuran janaretan iskar oxygen guda 230, wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera kamar su Yuyue Medical, Kangtai Medical, da Kefu Medical.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamfanonin samar da iskar oxygen na gida dangane da Yuyue sun fara tashi da shiga farkon matakan samar da iskar oxygen na cikin gida.
Za ka ga cewa da yawa masana'antun na oximeters kuma suna da iskar oxygen janareta layukan kasuwanci, kamar Yuyue, Kangtai, Lepu, Meiling, Haier, Omron, Philips, Kefu da sauran cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje brands.
Kasuwancin iskar oxygen na Yuwell yana da girma mai girma.A cikin 2021, kudaden shiga na kasuwanci na jiyya na numfashi / isar da iskar oxygen zai kai yuan 2,622,792,300, wanda ya kai kashi 38%.Labaran jama'a sun nuna cewa Yuyue janareta na iskar oxygen ya mamaye kashi 60% na kasuwa kuma yana matsayi na farko a cikin tallace-tallace na gida da na duniya.Bayan Biyu 11, Yuyue Medical's oxygen janareta Jingdong da Tmall iri tallace-tallace da adadin tallace-tallace da farko.Likitan ya taɓa cewa tallace-tallacen shekara-shekara na abubuwan tattara iskar oxygen a duniya a cikin 2021 ya zarce raka'a miliyan 1, wanda ke kan gaba wajen keta alamar rukunin miliyan na masana'antar.
A shekarar 2021 da rabin farkon shekarar 2022, kudaden shiga na kayayyakin iskar oxygen na likitancin Kangtai ya kai yuan miliyan 461 da yuan miliyan 154, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 50% na kudaden shiga.
Yuyue Medical da Kangtai Medical sune manyan kamfanoni biyu na masana'antar samar da iskar oxygen ta cikin gida, bugu da kari, kamfanonin na'urorin likitanci irin su Kefu Medical, Siasun Medical, Baolait, Lepu Medical da Lipon Instruments wadanda ke da karancin iskar oxygen na jini suma suna amfani da wannan damar wajen kwacewa. kasuwa.A shekarar 2021, yawan kasuwancin Kefu Medical zai zama yuan miliyan 199.6332, wanda ya kai kashi 8.77%;Kudaden tallace-tallace na samfuran janaretan oxygen na Siasun Medical a cikin 2021 ya kasance sama da kashi 90%.
Dangane da karancin iskar oxygen, masana'antun samar da iskar oxygen a cikin gida sun amsa kwanan nan.
Kangtai Medical ya bayyana a dandalin sadarwa a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu cewa, kamfanin yana da injinan iskar oxygen guda hudu na lita 3, lita 5, lita 7 da lita 10 da kuma na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen guda biyu tare da daidaitawar lita 1 da lita 2.
Kangtai Medical ya bayyana a dandalin sadarwa a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu cewa, kamfanin yana da injinan iskar oxygen guda hudu na lita 3, lita 5, lita 7 da lita 10 da kuma na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen guda biyu tare da daidaitawar lita 1 da lita 2.Kazalika masu samar da iskar oxygen sun soki hauhawar farashin iskar iskar oxygen, kuma a wani lamari na baya-bayan nan da ya faru na "An tuna da kayayyakin da aka tura Yuyue", bangarorin sun ce injin din nasu ya tashi daga yuan 4700 zuwa yuan 9800.
Dangane da bayanan jama'a, Yuyue yana da masana'antar samar da iskar oxygen mafi girma a duniya a Jiangsu, tare da layin samar da iskar oxygen mai tsawon mita 1,500 da sikelin samar da murabba'in murabba'in mita 30,000, kuma idan an kunna cikakken karfin dawaki, karfin samar da wutar lantarki zai iya kaiwa raka'a 8,000 rana.
03. Chips nawa ne sassa na sama na janareta na iskar oxygen?
Na'urorin samar da iskar oxygen da ake shigo da su ana sanya su a matsayi mafi girma, kamar na'urar samar da iskar oxygen ta Japan (Japan) da kuma na'urar samar da iskar oxygen ta Amurka Farashin ya fi yuan 10,000.
Samfuran cikin gida suna da ɗan araha, tare da farashi daga yuan 2000-5000.A cikin jerin gwal na Jingdong, samfuran tallace-tallace mafi girma sun tattara cikin kusan yuan 2000-3000, kuma iskar oxygen shine 3L da 5L na babban ƙarfin likita.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da girma na kasuwa na cikin gida, matsakaicin farashin yana raguwa.
Bari mu fara duba allon kewayawa da firikwensin oxygen na injin janareta na iskar oxygen, bangarensa a cikin injin samar da iskar oxygen ba shi ne ainihin abin da ake bukata ba, kuma buƙatun kayan lantarki a cikin injin iskar oxygen ya haifar da ƙaramin kai.
A cewar sanannen mawallafin “hard core disassembly” a shekarar 2021, rarrabuwar na’urar samar da iskar oxygen ta Omron gida HAO-2210 mai dauke da iskar oxygen da aka saka farashi akan yuan 1800, ana tace iskar ta cikin jeri kuma a karshe ta wuce ta mai raba oxygen don samun iskar oxygen. , allon kewayawa da sauran na'urorin lantarki sune kawai masu samar da iskar oxygen na taimakawa, suna taka rawar sarrafawa da nunawa.
Zhihu answerer @ Night cat oxygen janareta ya gabatar mana da cewa da'irar da oxygen janareta bai wuce rabin girman girman wayar hannu ba, kuma ya yi karanci sosai fiye da allon da'irar na'ura mai kusan 50 by 55 (cm).Yin la'akari da wasu bidiyoyi na rarrabawa da zane-zane, ainihin abubuwan da ke samar da iskar oxygen sun haɗa da MCUs, na'urori masu hankali, firikwensin, kwakwalwan sarrafa wutar lantarki, da sauransu.
Bincika tsarin guntu da zaɓin janareta na iskar oxygen, dangane da buɗe hanyoyin magance kayan aikin likita na kiwon lafiya, zaɓin MLCC da firikwensin yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin wutar lantarki da kwanciyar hankali na firikwensin, ban da MLCC na likitanci, dole ne a sami babban matsayi. -madaidaici, mafita mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.
Maganin guntu na kamfanin ƙirar guntu analog na gida Nanochip don samfuran janareta na iskar oxygen na gida yana amfani da jerin firikwensin matsa lamba NSPGS2.A cewar rahotanni, yana haɗawa da 24-bit ADC da 12-bit DAC, wanda ke goyan bayan yanayin aikin barci kuma yana rage nauyi akan MCU;Babban digiri, kyakkyawan aiki, -20 zuwa 70 °C cikakken yankin zafin jiki cikakke daidaito 2.5%;MEMS (Microelectromechanical System) guntu baya shan iska, haɗaɗɗen firikwensin zafin jiki na ciki, don cimma biyan diyya;Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan fitowar wutar lantarki na analog iri-iri, da sauransu.
ZXP2 (400KPa) cikakkiyar firikwensin matsa lamba daga Zhixin Sensing, wanda aka sani da sabon ƙarni na cikin gida ZXP2 (400KPa) cikakkiyar firikwensin matsa lamba da kansa ya haɓaka, yana goyan bayan fitowar analog ko dijital, kuma yana iya maye gurbin gaba ɗaya na'urorin firikwensin matsa lamba mai ƙarfi.Ƙarƙashin kulawar wannan firikwensin, marasa lafiya na iya yin daidaitattun gyare-gyare bisa ga ainihin halin da suke ciki, wanda zai haifar da ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki da mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto.Baya ga masu samar da iskar oxygen, ana kuma amfani da shi sosai wajen sarrafa injin, sarrafa masana'antu da sauran fannoni.
Babban jigon simintin iskar oxygen janareta yana a zahiri a cikin kwampreso da sieve kwayoyin.
Dangane da kwampressors, samfuran kwampreso gama gari sune Thomas, samfuran cikin gida sun haɗa da Daikin, Guangshun, Shengyao, Epley, da dai sauransu, da kuma manyan masana'antun samar da iskar oxygen na cikin gida Sea Kunkuru, Yuyue, Siasong, da dai sauransu sun yi amfani da kwampressors na cikin gida.
Molecular sieve abu ne na roba na zeolite na roba tare da daidaitaccen tsari iri-iri da girman pores, mai ikon tallan iskar gas da ruwa bisa ga girman kwayoyin halitta da polarity.Kasar Sin ta fahimci yadda ake maye gurbin simintin kwayoyin halitta, masana'antun cikin gida a cikin kasuwannin da ba su da inganci, Jianlong Weina, Shanghai Hengye, Dalian Haixin na iya samar da sieve na kwayoyin halitta a cikin manyan kasashe goma a duniya.(Kididdiga ta 2018)
A halin yanzu, ikon iyawar oxygen concentrators na gida a kasuwa ya kasu kashi 1L, 3L da 5L, matsakaicin 1L yana buƙatar amfani da 650g na sieve kwayoyin, tsaka tsaki yana ɗauka cewa adadin sieve na 1 oxygen janareta shine 3L, sannan 1 oxygen. janareta na bukatar sieve kwayoyin 1.95kg, an kiyasta cewa farashin sikelin kwayoyin halitta na wani oxygen janareta ne 390 yuan (1.95/1000 * 200000 = 390 yuan), lissafin kudi kusan 13% -19.5% na oxygen janareta a cikin 2000- Farashin farashin 3000.
Molecular sieve shine albarkatun ƙasa, ainihin ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar iskar oxygen shine fasahar cikawa, ba za ku iya maye gurbin shi da so ba.Idan fasahar cikawa ba ta da kyau, juzu'in ya yi girma, kuma yana da sauƙin samun danshi, ƙwayar iskar oxygen ta ragu da sauri bayan shekaru 1-2 na amfani da injin.
Jihar na bukatar cewa iskar oxygen na janareta oxygen ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 82% na kasa da kasa, kuma ƙananan ƙararrawar iskar oxygen dole ne ya zama ƙasa, kuma wasu masana'antun samar da iskar oxygen ba su da wannan aikin, kuma yana da wahala ga talakawa masu amfani su samu.
04 Taƙaitaccen
Ba sabon abu ba ne ga abin rufe fuska, antigens, magunguna da sauran kasuwanni don neman farashin sama, ba za a iya samar da kayan aikin likita ba, kuma kasuwa ta hade.Ban sani ba ko albarkatun kasa sun tashi ko a'a, amma a wannan lokacin, manyan masu sayar da iskar oxygen sun fara rage ayyukan da ake so, suna buɗe jerin "farashin asali" kafin sayarwa, jefa matsalar "siyan kaya". ko a'a" ga masu amfani.
Baya ga wahalar saye, daidaitaccen amfani da iskar oxygen a matsayin na'urar likita don jinyar taimako kuma kalubale ne ga talakawa.
A cikin magani, 2L / min-3L / min yana da ƙarancin iskar oxygen, koda kuwa yana da yawan iskar oxygen sama da 5L / min, tsarin numfashi ya lalace sosai don amfani da fiye da 5L / min, kullum, ya zama dole. don kula da wannan babban yawan iskar oxygen a matakin 90%.Idan aka kwatanta da silinda na iskar oxygen a cikin asibiti, ƙwayar iskar oxygen na injin janareta na sieve oxygen yana da wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma yana iya fuskantar gazawa, kuma ingancin iskar oxygen da lokacin kulawa ba su da tabbas.
A amfani da yau da kullum, na'urar samar da iskar oxygen kuma yana buƙatar sanye take da iskar oxygen cannula, mask oxygen, mashin ajiyar oxygen da ma na'urar iska, yawancin masu siyan da ba su da kwarewa suna da wuyar yin aiki daidai, don haka a baya, mai nema ya saya kuma ya yi amfani da shi a karkashin shawarar likita. .
Ko yana da oximeter ko oxygen concentrator, su ne kayan aikin taimako na likita, amma ƙarin "garanti" ga kowane mutum a gaban rashin tabbas: menene idan aka yi amfani da shi?
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-12-2023