NUC975DK61Y - Haɗaɗɗen da'irori, Haɗe-haɗe, Microcontrollers - Kamfanin Fasaha na NUVOTON

1 Ma'anar Microcontroller

Kamar yadda microcontroller shine naúrar ilimin lissafi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mai ƙidayar lokaci/kalkuleta, da nau'ikan da'irori daban-daban / O, da sauransu waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin guntu, wanda ya zama ainihin cikakken tsarin kwamfuta, ana kuma san shi da microcomputer mai guntu guda ɗaya.

Shirin a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar microcontroller da aka yi amfani da shi tare da kayan masarufi na microcontroller da da'irori na kayan aiki, an bambanta shi da software na PC, kuma ana kiransa microcontroller shirin azaman firmware.Gabaɗaya, microprocessor shine CPU akan haɗaɗɗiyar da'irar guda ɗaya, yayin da microcontroller shine CPU, ROM, RAM, VO, timer, da sauransu.Idan aka kwatanta da CPU, microcontroller ba shi da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta mai ƙarfi sosai, kuma ba shi da Unit MemoryManaaement, wanda ke sa microcontroller kawai zai iya sarrafa wasu ingantattun sarrafawa guda ɗaya da sauƙi, dabaru, da sauran ayyuka, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a sarrafa kayan aiki, sarrafa siginar firikwensin. da sauran fannoni, kamar wasu kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin masana'antu, kayan aikin wuta, da sauransu.

2 Abubuwan da ke cikin microcontroller

Microcontroller ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa: tsakiya, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da shigarwa/fitarwa:

-Masu sarrafawa na tsakiya:

Mai sarrafawa na tsakiya shine ainihin ɓangaren MCU, ciki har da manyan sassa biyu na mai aiki da mai sarrafawa.

-Mai aiki

Ma'aikacin ya ƙunshi naúrar lissafi & ma'ana (ALU), mai tarawa da rijista, da sauransu. Matsayin ALU shine aiwatar da ayyuka na lissafi ko ma'ana akan bayanan mai shigowa.ALU yana iya ƙarawa, ragi, daidaitawa, ko kwatanta girman waɗannan bayanai guda biyu, kuma a ƙarshe yana adana sakamakon a cikin tarawa.

Mai aiki yana da ayyuka guda biyu:

(1) Don aiwatar da ayyukan lissafi daban-daban.

(2) Don aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban na hankali da yin gwaje-gwaje na hankali, kamar gwajin ƙimar sifili ko kwatankwacin ƙima biyu.

Duk ayyukan da mai aiki ya yi ana jagorantar su ta hanyar siginar sarrafawa daga mai sarrafawa, kuma, yayin da aikin lissafin ke haifar da sakamako na lissafi, aiki mai ma'ana yana haifar da hukunci.

-Mai kula

Mai kula yana kunshe da counter na shirye-shirye, rajistar koyarwa, dikodi na koyarwa, janareta na lokaci da mai kula da aiki, da dai sauransu. “Hukumar yanke shawara” ce ke ba da umarni, watau daidaitawa da jagorantar aikin gabaɗayan tsarin microcomputer.Babban ayyukansa sune:

(1) Don dawo da umarni daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da nuna wurin umarni na gaba a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

(2) Don yankewa da gwada umarnin da kuma samar da siginar sarrafa aiki daidai don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun aikin.

(3) Gudanarwa da sarrafa alkiblar kwararar bayanai tsakanin CPU, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da na'urorin shigarwa da fitarwa.

Microprocessor yana haɗa haɗin ALU, ƙididdiga, yin rajista da sashin sarrafawa ta cikin bas na ciki, kuma yana haɗawa zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar waje da da'irorin shigarwa/fitarwa ta hanyar bas ɗin waje.Bas ɗin waje, wanda kuma ake kira bas ɗin tsarin, an raba shi zuwa bas ɗin bayanai DB, bas ɗin adireshin AB da bas ɗin sarrafawa CB, kuma ana haɗa shi da na'urori daban-daban ta hanyar shigar da bayanai / fitarwa.

-Memori

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya kasu kashi biyu: ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bayanai da ƙwaƙwalwar shirin.

Ana amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bayanai don adana bayanai kuma ana amfani da ajiyar shirye-shirye don adana shirye-shirye da sigogi.

-Input/Fitarwa -Haɗin kai ko tuƙi na'urori daban-daban

Serial sadarwa tashar jiragen ruwa-musanyar bayanai tsakanin MCU da daban-daban na gefe, kamar UART, SPI, 12C, da dai sauransu.

3 Rarraba Microcontroller

Dangane da adadin ragowa, ana iya rarraba microcontrollers zuwa: 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, da 32-bit.A aikace-aikace masu amfani, 32-bit na lissafin 55%, 8-bit na 43%, asusun 4-bit na 2%, da 16-bit na 1%

Ana iya ganin cewa 32-bit da 8-bit microcontrollers sune mafi yawan amfani da microcontrollers a yau.
Bambanci a cikin adadin rago ba ya wakiltar microprocessors mai kyau ko mara kyau, ba yawan adadin bits ba shine mafi kyawun microprocessor, kuma ba ƙananan adadin bits ba shine mafi muni da microprocessor.

8-bit MCUs suna da yawa;suna ba da shirye-shirye masu sauƙi, ingantaccen makamashi da ƙananan fakiti (wasu suna da fil shida kawai).Amma waɗannan microcontrollers ba a yawanci amfani da su don sadarwar sadarwa da ayyukan sadarwa.

Mafi yawan ka'idojin cibiyar sadarwa da tarawar software na sadarwa sune 16- ko 32-bit.Ana samun abubuwan haɗin sadarwa don wasu na'urori 8-bit, amma 16- da 32-bit MCUs galibi sune zaɓi mafi inganci.Koyaya, MCUs 8-bit yawanci ana amfani dasu don sarrafawa iri-iri, ji, da aikace-aikacen mu'amala.

A tsarin gine-gine, ana iya raba microcontrollers zuwa nau'i biyu: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) da CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers).

RISC microprocessor ne wanda ke aiwatar da ƴan nau'ikan umarni na kwamfuta kuma ya samo asali a cikin shekarun 1980 tare da babban tsarin MIPS (watau injin RISC), kuma microprocessors da ake amfani da su a cikin injinan RISC ana kiransu gaba ɗaya masu sarrafa RISC.Ta wannan hanyar, yana iya aiwatar da ayyuka cikin sauri (ƙarin umarni miliyoyi a sakan daya, ko MIPS).Saboda kwamfutoci suna buƙatar ƙarin transistor da abubuwan da'ira don aiwatar da kowane nau'in koyarwa, girman saitin koyarwar kwamfuta yana sa microprocessor ya fi rikitarwa kuma yana aiwatar da ayyuka a hankali.

CISC ta ƙunshi ɗimbin tsari na ƙayyadaddun bayanai waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen da ke gudana akan mai sarrafawa.Umarnin sun ƙunshi yaren taro, kuma wasu ayyuka gama gari waɗanda software ke aiwatarwa ana aiwatar da su ta tsarin koyarwar kayan masarufi maimakon.Don haka aikin mai shirye-shirye ya ragu sosai, kuma ana sarrafa wasu ayyuka ko ayyuka na lokaci ɗaya a kowane lokacin koyarwa don ƙara saurin aiwatar da kwamfuta, kuma wannan tsarin ana kiransa tsarin koyarwa mai rikitarwa.

4 Takaitawa

Babban ƙalubale ga injiniyoyin injiniyoyi na kera motoci na yau shine gina ƙananan farashi, ba tare da matsala ba, kuma ko da a cikin yanayin gazawar na iya yin aiki da tsarin kera motoci, a cikin aikin motar a hankali ya inganta a wannan lokacin, ana tsammanin microcontrollers za su haɓaka aikin. na na'urorin sarrafa lantarki na motoci.