Halayen Samfur

 Takardu & Mai jarida

Rarraba Muhalli & Fitarwa

 Haɗin Kai

Hadaddiyar da'ira (IC) guntu ce ta semiconductor wacce ke ɗaukar ƙananan abubuwa kamar capacitors, diodes, transistor, da resistors.Ana amfani da waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa don ƙididdigewa da adana bayanai tare da taimakon dijital ko fasahar analog.Kuna iya tunanin IC a matsayin ƙaramin guntu wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman cikakke, abin dogara.Haɗaɗɗen da'irori na iya zama counter, oscillator, amplifier, ƙofar dabaru, mai ƙidayar lokaci, ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, ko ma microprocessor.

Ana ɗaukar IC a matsayin tushen ginin duk na'urorin lantarki na yau.Sunan ta yana nuna tsarin abubuwan haɗin haɗin gwiwa da yawa waɗanda aka saka a cikin sirara, kayan semiconductor na silicon.

Tarihin Haɗin Kai

An fara ƙaddamar da fasahar da ke bayan haɗaɗɗun da'irori a cikin 1950 ta Robert Noyce da Jack Kilby a Amurka ta Amurka.Rundunar sojin saman Amurka ce ta fara fara amfani da wannan sabuwar ƙirƙira.Jack kuma Kilby ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Nobel a Physics a 2000 saboda ƙirar da ya yi na ƙaramin ICs.

Shekaru 1.5 bayan gabatarwar ƙirar Kilby, Robert Noyce ya gabatar da nasa sigar haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira.Misalinsa ya warware batutuwa masu amfani da yawa a cikin na'urar Kilby.Noyce kuma ya yi amfani da siliki don ƙirar sa, yayin da Jack Kilby ya yi amfani da germanium.

Robert Noyce da Jack Kilby duk sun sami haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga haɗaɗɗun da'irori.Sun yi fama da batutuwan doka tsawon shekaru da yawa.A ƙarshe, duka kamfanonin Noyce da Kilby sun yanke shawarar ketare lasisin abubuwan ƙirƙira da gabatar da su ga babbar kasuwar duniya.

Nau'o'in Hadaddiyar Da'irori

Akwai nau'ikan da'irori masu haɗaka iri biyu.Wadannan su ne:

1. Analog ICs

Analog ICs suna da fitarwa mai canzawa koyaushe, ya danganta da siginar da suke samu.A ka'idar, irin waɗannan ICs na iya samun adadin jihohi marasa iyaka.A cikin irin wannan nau'in IC, matakin fitarwa na motsi shine aikin layi na matakin shigar da siginar.

Linear ICs na iya aiki azaman mitar rediyo (RF) da masu haɓaka sauti-mita (AF).Amplifier mai aiki (op-amp) ita ce na'urar da aka saba amfani da ita anan.Bugu da ƙari, firikwensin zafin jiki wani aikace-aikacen gama gari ne.Linear ICs na iya kunna da kashe na'urori daban-daban da zarar siginar ta kai ƙima.Kuna iya samun wannan fasaha a cikin tanda, dumama, da na'urorin sanyaya iska.

2. Digital ICs

 Waɗannan sun bambanta da analog ICs.Ba sa aiki akan kewayon matakan sigina akai-akai.Madadin haka, suna aiki a ƴan matakan da aka saita.Digital ICs suna aiki da gaske tare da taimakon ƙofofin dabaru.Ƙofofin dabaru suna amfani da bayanan binary.Sigina a cikin bayanan binary suna da matakai biyu kawai da aka sani da ƙananan (maganin 0) da babba (maganin hankali 1).

Ana amfani da ICs na dijital a cikin aikace-aikace masu yawa kamar kwamfutoci, modem, da sauransu.

Me yasa Hadakar da'irori suka shahara?

Duk da an ƙirƙira kusan shekaru 30 da suka gabata, har yanzu ana amfani da haɗaɗɗun da'irori a aikace-aikace da yawa.Bari mu tattauna wasu abubuwan da ke da alhakin shahararsu:

1.Scalability

Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kudaden shiga na masana'antar semiconductor ya kai dala biliyan 350 mai ban mamaki.Intel shine babban mai ba da gudummawa a nan.Akwai wasu 'yan wasa kuma, kuma yawancin waɗannan na cikin kasuwar dijital ne.Idan ka duba lambobi, za ka ga cewa kashi 80 cikin 100 na tallace-tallacen da masana'antun na'urori na zamani suka samar daga wannan kasuwa.

Hadaddiyar da'irori sun taka rawar gani a wannan nasarar.Ka ga, masu binciken masana'antar semiconductor sun yi nazari kan haɗaɗɗen da'irar, aikace-aikacen sa, da ƙayyadaddun sa da haɓaka shi.

Na farko IC da aka taɓa ƙirƙira yana da 'yan transistor - 5 don zama takamaiman.Kuma yanzu mun ga Intel's 18-core Xeon tare da jimlar transistor biliyan 5.5.Bugu da ƙari, Mai Kula da Ajiya na IBM yana da transistor biliyan 7.1 tare da cache 480 MB L4 a cikin 2015.

Wannan sikelin ya taka rawa sosai a cikin shaharar da ake samu na Hadaddiyar Da'irori.

2. Farashin

An yi muhawara da yawa kan farashin IC.A cikin shekaru, an sami kuskure game da ainihin farashin IC ma.Dalilin da ke bayan wannan shine ICs ba ra'ayi mai sauƙi ba ne kuma.Fasaha tana ci gaba a cikin sauri mai sauri, kuma masu zanen guntu dole ne su ci gaba da wannan saurin yayin ƙididdige farashin IC.

Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, lissafin farashi na IC da aka yi amfani da shi don dogara ga mutuwar silicon.A lokacin, ana iya ƙididdige ƙimar guntu cikin sauƙi ta girman mutu.Duk da yake silicon har yanzu wani abu ne na farko a cikin lissafin su, masana suna buƙatar yin la'akari da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa yayin ƙididdige farashin IC, haka nan.

Ya zuwa yanzu, ƙwararru sun yanke ma'auni mai sauƙi don ƙayyade ƙimar ƙarshe na IC:

Kudin IC na ƙarshe = Kudin Kunshin + Kudin Gwaji + Kuɗin Mutuwa + Kudin jigilar kaya

Wannan ma'auni yana la'akari da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata waɗanda ke taka rawa sosai wajen kera guntu.Ban da wannan, ana iya samun wasu abubuwan da za a iya la'akari da su.Abu mafi mahimmanci don tunawa lokacin da aka kiyasta farashin IC shine cewa farashin zai iya bambanta yayin tsarin samarwa don dalilai masu yawa.

Hakanan, duk wani yanke shawara na fasaha da aka ɗauka yayin aikin masana'anta na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan farashin aikin.

3. Amincewa

Samar da haɗaɗɗun da'irori aiki ne mai mahimmanci kamar yadda yake buƙatar duk tsarin don yin aiki ci gaba yayin miliyoyin zagayowar.Filayen lantarki na waje, matsanancin yanayin zafi, da sauran yanayin aiki duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin IC.

Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan batutuwa an kawar da su tare da yin amfani da gwaji mai tsanani da aka sarrafa daidai.Ba ya ba da sabbin hanyoyin gazawa, yana ƙara amincin haɗaɗɗun da'irori.Hakanan zamu iya ƙayyade rarraba gazawar a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar amfani da matsananciyar damuwa.

Duk waɗannan bangarorin suna taimakawa tabbatar da cewa haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira ta sami damar yin aiki da kyau.

Bugu da ƙari, ga wasu fasaloli don tantance halayen haɗaɗɗun da'irori:

Zazzabi

Zazzabi na iya bambanta sosai, yana sa samar da IC da wahala sosai.

Wutar lantarki

Na'urori suna aiki a matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki wanda zai iya bambanta kaɗan.

Tsari

Mafi mahimmancin bambance-bambancen tsari da ake amfani da su don na'urori sune ƙarfin wutan kofa da tsayin tashoshi.An rarraba bambancin tsari kamar:

• Yawa da yawa
• Wafer zuwa wafer
• Mu mutu don mutuwa

Haɗaɗɗen Fakitin Wuta

Kunshin yana kunshe da mutuwar haɗin haɗin gwiwa, yana sauƙaƙa mana haɗawa da shi.Kowace haɗin waje akan mutu yana haɗe tare da ƙaramar waya ta gwal zuwa fil akan kunshin.Fil suna fitar da tashoshi masu launin azurfa.Suna wucewa ta kewaye don haɗawa da sauran sassan guntu.Waɗannan suna da matuƙar mahimmanci tunda suna kewaya kewaye kuma suna haɗa wayoyi da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin da'ira.

Akwai nau'ikan fakiti daban-daban waɗanda za a iya amfani da su anan.Dukansu suna da nau'ikan hawa na musamman, girma na musamman, da ƙididdigar fil.Bari mu dubi yadda wannan ke aiki.

Ƙididdigar Pin

Dukkan hanyoyin da'irori da aka haɗa an daidaita su, kuma kowane fil ya bambanta dangane da aiki da wuri.Wannan yana nufin kunshin yana buƙatar nunawa da raba duk fil daga juna.Yawancin ICs suna amfani da ko dai digo ko daraja don nuna fil na farko.

Da zarar kun gano wurin fil ɗin farko, sauran lambobin fil ɗin suna ƙaruwa a jere yayin da kuke tafiya a kusa da kewaye.

Yin hawa

Haɗawa ɗaya ne daga cikin keɓaɓɓen halaye na nau'in fakitin.Duk fakitin za a iya rarraba su azaman ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan hawa biyu: Dutsen-Mount (SMD ko SMT) ko ta rami (PTH).Yana da sauƙin yin aiki tare da fakiti ta hanyar-rami tunda sun fi girma.An tsara su don daidaita su a gefe ɗaya na da'ira kuma a sayar da su zuwa wani.

Fakitin-Mount-Mount sun zo da girma dabam dabam, daga kanana zuwa rahusa.Ana gyara su a gefe ɗaya na akwatin kuma ana sayar da su a saman.Fil ɗin wannan fakitin ko dai daidai yake da guntu, an matse su a gefe, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ana saita su a cikin matrix akan gindin guntu.Haɗe-haɗen da'irori a cikin nau'in dutsen-tsayi kuma suna buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman don haɗuwa.

Dual In-Line

Kunshin In-line Dual (DIP) ɗaya ne daga cikin fakitin gama gari.Wannan nau'in kunshin IC ne ta ramuka.Waɗannan ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta sun ƙunshi layuka guda biyu na fil waɗanda ke shimfidawa a tsaye daga baƙar fata, robobi, gidaje na rectangular.

Fil ɗin suna da tazarar kusan milimita 2.54 a tsakanin su - daidaitaccen ma'auni don dacewa da allunan burodi da wasu ƴan allunan samfuri.Dangane da ƙidayar fil, gabaɗayan fakitin DIP na iya bambanta daga 4 zuwa 64.

Yankin da ke tsakanin kowane jere na fil yana da sarari don ba da damar DIP ICs su mamaye tsakiyar yanki na allon biredi.Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa fil ɗin suna da nasu jere kuma kada ku gajarta.

Small-Outline

Ƙananan fakitin haɗaɗɗun kewayawa ko SOIC sun yi kama da dutsen-tsayi.Ana yin ta ta hanyar lanƙwasa duk fil akan DIP da raguwa.Kuna iya haɗa waɗannan fakitin tare da tsayayye hannu har ma da ido rufe - Yana da sauƙi!

Quad Flat

Fakitin Quad Flat suna jujjuya fil a duk kwatance huɗu.Jimlar adadin fil a cikin quad flat IC na iya bambanta ko'ina daga fil takwas a gefe (32 duka) zuwa filaye saba'in a gefe (300+ a duka).Waɗannan fil ɗin suna da sarari na kusan 0.4mm zuwa 1mm a tsakanin su.Ƙananan bambance-bambancen fakitin lebur quad sun ƙunshi fakitin ƙananan ƙira (LQFP), na bakin ciki (TQFP), da fakitin sirara (VQFP).

Tsarin Grid na Ball

Ball Grid Arrays ko BGA sune mafi girman fakitin IC a kusa.Waɗannan suna da rikitarwa, ƙananan fakiti inda aka saita ƙananan ƙwallo na solder a cikin grid mai girma biyu a gindin haɗaɗɗun da'ira.Wani lokaci masana suna haɗa ƙwallan solder kai tsaye zuwa ga mutuwa!

Ana amfani da fakitin Ball Grid Arrays don ci-gaban microprocessors, kamar Rasberi Pi ko pcDuino.