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I. Menene guntu

Guntu, wanda kuma aka sani da microcircuit, microchip, ko hadedde circuit (IC), guntu ce ta siliki mai ƙunshe da hadedde da'ira, sau da yawa ƙarami kuma galibi ɓangaren kwamfuta ko wata na'urar lantarki.

Guntu kalma ce ta gama gari don samfurin ɓangaren semiconductor, mai ɗaukar haɗaɗɗun da'ira, wanda ya ƙunshi wafers.

Wafer ƙaramin siliki ne mai ƙunshe da haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira wacce ke ɓangaren kwamfuta ko wata na'urar lantarki.

II.Menene semiconductor

Semiconductor wani abu ne da ke da kaddarorin gudanarwa tsakanin na madugu da insulator a zafin daki.Misali, diode na'ura ce da aka yi daga semiconductor.Semiconductor wani abu ne wanda za'a iya sarrafa ƙarfin lantarki kuma yana iya kewayo daga insulator zuwa madugu.

Muhimmancin semiconductor yana da girma, duka ta fuskar fasaha da ci gaban tattalin arziki.Yawancin samfuran lantarki na yau, irin su kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urar rikodin dijital, suna da alaƙa da ainihin rukunin su da na'ura mai kwakwalwa.

Kayayyakin semiconductor gama gari sun haɗa da silicon, germanium, da gallium arsenide, tare da silicon shine mafi tasirin kasuwanci na kayan semiconductor iri-iri.

Matter yana samuwa ta nau'i-nau'i iri-iri - m, ruwa, gas, plasma, da dai sauransu. Yawancin lokaci muna magana ne akan kayan da rashin ingancin wutar lantarki, kamar gawayi, lu'ulu'u na wucin gadi, amber, da yumbu, a matsayin insulators.

Kuma mafi yawan karafa irin su zinari, azurfa, jan karfe, ƙarfe, tin, aluminum, da sauransu ana kiran su da conductors.Abubuwan da ke faɗuwa tsakanin masu gudanarwa da insulators ana iya kiran su kawai semiconductor.

III.Menene haɗaɗɗen kewayawa

Hadaddiyar da'ira (IC) wata karamar na'ura ce ta lantarki ko kayan aiki.

Yin amfani da wani tsari, transistor, resistors, capacitors, da inductor da ake buƙata a cikin da'ira da wayoyi suna haɗuwa tare, an yi su a cikin ƙaramin yanki ko ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan wafers ko na'urorin dielectric, sa'an nan kuma an rufe su a cikin harsashi na bututu, sun zama microstructure tare da aikin kewaye da ake buƙata.

Dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikinsa an tsara su gaba ɗaya, suna sanya kayan aikin lantarki babban mataki zuwa ƙarami, ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, hankali, da babban abin dogaro.Ana wakilta shi a cikin da'ira da haruffa "IC".

Masu ƙirƙira haɗaɗɗun da'irori sune Jack Kilby (haɗaɗɗen da'irori dangane da germanium (Ge)) da Robert Noyes (haɗin kai dangane da silicon (Si)).Yawancin aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antar semiconductor a yau sune da'irori na tushen silicon.

Haɗe-haɗen da'ira sabon nau'in na'urar semiconductor ne wanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen 1950s da 1960s.

Yana da wani semiconductor masana'antu tsari kamar hadawan abu da iskar shaka, photolithography, watsawa, epitaxy, da evaporation na aluminum, wanda integrates da semiconductors, resistors, capacitors, da sauran aka gyara da ake bukata don samar da wani kewaye tare da wasu ayyuka da kuma haɗa wayoyi tsakanin su duka a kan wani. karamin siliki, sannan kuma aka yi wa welded da lullube a cikin bututun gidaje don na'urorin lantarki.Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na marufi kamar harsashi zagaye, lebur ko layin layi biyu.

Haɗin fasahar kewayawa ya haɗa da fasahar kera guntu da fasahar ƙira, galibi a cikin kayan sarrafa kayan aiki, fasahar sarrafawa, marufi da gwaji, samarwa da yawa, da ikon ƙirƙira ƙira.