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Takardu & Mai jarida

Rarraba Muhalli & Fitarwa

 Tsare-tsaren ƙofa mai shirin filin

 Atsararrun ƙofar filin filin(Farashin FPGA) wanihadedde kewayewanda aka tsara don daidaitawa ta abokin ciniki ko mai tsarawa bayan masana'anta - don haka kalmarfilin-mai shirye-shirye.An ƙididdige tsarin FPGA gabaɗaya ta amfani da aHarshen bayanin hardware(HDL), kama da wanda aka yi amfani da shi don antakamaiman aikace-aikace hadedde kewaye(ASIC).Zane-zane na zagayeAn yi amfani da su a baya don tantance tsarin, amma wannan yana ƙara wuya saboda zuwanlantarki zane aiki da kaikayan aiki.

FPGAs sun ƙunshi tsararru nashirye-shirye dabaru tubalan, da matsayi na haɗin haɗin gwiwar da za a sake daidaita su da ke ba da damar yin wayoyi tare.Ana iya saita tubalan dabaru don yin hadaddunayyukan haɗin gwiwa, ko aiki a matsayin mai sauƙidabaru kofofinkamarKUMAkumaXOR.A yawancin FPGAs, tubalan dabaru kuma sun haɗa daabubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda zai iya zama mai sauƙijefa-flopsko ƙarin cikakkun tubalan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.^[1]Ana iya sake tsara FPGA da yawa don aiwatar da daban-dabandabaru ayyuka, kyale mreconfigurable kwamfutakamar yadda aka yi a cikinsoftware na kwamfuta.

FPGAs suna da rawar gani a cikisaka tsarinci gaba saboda iyawar su don fara haɓaka software na tsarin lokaci guda tare da kayan aiki, ba da damar kwaikwaiyon tsarin aiki a farkon lokacin haɓakawa, da ba da damar gwaji na tsarin daban-daban da ƙirƙira ƙira kafin kammala tsarin gine-gine.^[2] 

Tarihi[gyara]

Masana'antar FPGA ta fito dagaƘwaƙwalwar ajiya mai karantawa kawai(PROM) kumana'urorin dabaru masu shirye-shirye(PLD).PROMs da PLDs duka suna da zaɓi na tsara shirye-shirye a batches a masana'anta ko a cikin filin (wanda za a iya tsara filin).^[3]

AlteraAn kafa shi a cikin 1983 kuma ya ba da na'urar dabaru ta farko da za a iya sake fasalin masana'antar a cikin 1984 - EP300 - wacce ke nuna taga ma'adini a cikin kunshin wanda ya ba masu amfani damar haskaka fitilar ultraviolet akan mutu don gogewa.EPROMsel waɗanda suka riƙe tsarin na'urar.^[4]

Xilinxya samar da filin kasuwanci na farko-mai shirigate tsararrua shekarar 1985^[3]Saukewa: XC2064.^[5]XC2064 yana da ƙofofin shirye-shirye da haɗin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙofofin, farkon sabuwar fasaha da kasuwa.^[6]XC2064 yana da 64 gyare-gyaren dabaru (CLBs), tare da shigarwa guda uku.duba teburi(LUT).^[7]

A shekarar 1987, daCibiyar Yakin Naval Surfaceya ba da kuɗin wani gwaji da Steve Casselman ya gabatar don haɓaka kwamfutar da za ta aiwatar da ƙofofin sake fasalin 600,000.Casselman ya yi nasara kuma an ba da takardar shaidar da ta danganci tsarin a cikin 1992.^[3]

Altera da Xilinx sun ci gaba da girma ba tare da ƙalubale ba kuma cikin sauri sun girma daga 1985 zuwa tsakiyar 1990s lokacin da masu fafatawa suka tsiro, suna lalata wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kasuwar su.By 1993, Actel (yanzuMicrosemi) ya kasance kusan kashi 18 cikin dari na kasuwa.^[6]

1990s lokaci ne na haɓaka cikin sauri ga FPGAs, duka a cikin haɓakar kewayawa da ƙarar samarwa.A farkon 1990s, FPGAs an fara amfani da su a cikisadarwakumasadarwar.A ƙarshen shekaru goma, FPGAs sun sami hanyar shiga mabukaci, motoci, da aikace-aikacen masana'antu.^[8]

A shekara ta 2013, Altera (kashi 31), Actel (kashi 10) da Xilinx (kashi 36) tare suna wakiltar kusan kashi 77 na kasuwar FPGA.^[9]

Kamfanoni kamar Microsoft sun fara amfani da FPGAs don haɓaka babban aiki, tsarin ƙididdiga (kamarcibiyoyin bayanaimasu aiki da suInjin bincike na Bing), sabodaaiki da wattAmfanin FPGAs suna bayarwa.^[10]Microsoft ya fara amfani da FPGAs zuwahanzartaBing a cikin 2014, kuma a cikin 2018 ya fara tura FPGAs a kan sauran ayyukan cibiyar bayanai don aikin su.Azure girgije kwamfutadandamali.^[11]

Jaddun lokaci masu zuwa suna nuna ci gaba a fannoni daban-daban na ƙirar FPGA:

Gates

• 1987: Ƙofofin 9,000, Xilinx^[6]
• 1992: 600,000, Sashen Yakin Sojan Ruwa^[3]
• Farkon 2000s: miliyoyin^[8]
• 2013: 50 miliyan, Xilinx^[12]

Girman kasuwa

• 1985: Farkon kasuwanci FPGA: Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• 1987: $14 miliyan^[6]
• c.1993: $385 miliyan^{[6][gaza tabbatarwa]}
• 2005: $1.9 biliyan^[13]
• Kiyasin 2010: dala biliyan 2.75^[13]
• 2013: $5.4 biliyan^[14]
• 2020 kimanta: $9.8 biliyan^[14]

Zane ya fara

Afara zanesabon ƙirar al'ada ce don aiwatarwa akan FPGA.

• 2005: 80,000^[15]
• 2008: 90,000^[16]

Zane[gyara]

FPGAs na zamani suna da albarkatu masu yawa nadabaru kofofinda RAM tubalan aiwatar da hadaddun lissafin dijital.Kamar yadda ƙirar FPGA ke amfani da ƙimar I/O da sauri da kuma bayanan bidirectionbas, ya zama ƙalubale don tabbatar da daidaitaccen lokacin ingantaccen bayanai a cikin lokacin saiti da lokacin riƙewa.

Tsarin beneyana ba da damar rarraba albarkatu a cikin FPGAs don saduwa da waɗannan matsalolin lokaci.Ana iya amfani da FPGAs don aiwatar da kowane aiki na hankali wanda waniASICiya yi.Ikon sabunta ayyukan bayan aikawa,sake daidaita sashina wani sashi na zane^[17]da ƙananan farashin aikin injiniya marasa maimaitawa dangane da ƙirar ASIC (duk da yawan farashin naúrar gabaɗaya), yana ba da fa'idodi ga aikace-aikace da yawa.^[1]

Wasu FPGAs suna da fasalin analog ban da ayyukan dijital.Mafi na kowa fasalin analog shine mai shirye-shiryekashe kudiakan kowane fil ɗin fitarwa, ƙyale injiniyan ya saita ƙananan ƙima akan filaye masu sauƙi waɗanda ba haka bazobekobiyuba za a yarda da shi ba, kuma don saita farashi mafi girma akan filaye masu nauyi a kan tashoshi masu sauri waɗanda in ba haka ba za su yi aiki a hankali.^[18][19]Hakanan na kowa suna quartz-crystal oscillators, on-chip juriya- capacitance oscillators, damadaukai masu kulle-kulletare da sakaoscillators masu sarrafa wutar lantarkiana amfani da shi don tsara agogo da gudanarwa da kuma don babban saurin serializer-deserializer (SERDES) na watsa agogo da dawo da agogo mai karɓa.Ainihin gama gari suna da bambancimasu kwatantaa kan abubuwan shigar da aka tsara don haɗa susigina daban-dabantashoshi.Kadan"gauraye siginaFPGAs” sun haɗa na gefeAnalog-to-dijital masu juyawa(ADC) dadijital-zuwa-analog masu juyawa(DACs) tare da tubalan kwandishan siginar analog wanda ke ba su damar aiki azaman atsarin-on-a-chip(SoC).^[20]Irin waɗannan na'urori suna ɓatar da layi tsakanin FPGA, wanda ke ɗaukar na'urorin dijital da sifili akan masana'anta na haɗin kai na ciki, kumafilin-shirye-shiryen analog tsararru(FPAA), wanda ke ɗaukar ƙimar analog akan masana'anta na haɗin haɗin kai na ciki.