IWR6843ARQGALPR sabo ne kuma na asali Abubuwan Kayan Wutar Lantarki Haɗaɗɗen Kewaye Microcontroller IC Chips

Tafiya ta Silicon zuwa saman
Hasashen da ya gaza: An ce Shockley ya ga babbar dama ta kasuwa a daidai lokacin da har yanzu babu wanda ya yi nasarar yin transistor silicon;shi ya sa ya bar Bell Labs a 1956 ya kafa nasa kamfani a California.Abin takaici, Shockley ba ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa ba ne kuma gudanar da kasuwancinsa aikin wawa ne idan aka kwatanta da ƙwarewar karatunsa.Don haka Shockley da kansa bai cika burin maye gurbin germanium da silicon ba, kuma mataki na sauran rayuwarsa shi ne mumbari a Jami'ar Stanford.Shekara daya da kafuwarta, hazikan samari takwas da ya dauko sun yi kaura daga gare shi gaba daya, kuma “masu cin amana takwas” ne suka cika burinsu na maye gurbin germanium da siliki.

Tashi na siliki transistor

Kafin Eight Renegades ya kafa Fairchild Semiconductor, germanium transistor sune babbar kasuwa don transistor, tare da kusan transistor miliyan 30 da aka kera a Amurka a cikin 1957, transistors silicon transistor miliyan ɗaya kawai da kusan transistors germanium miliyan 29.Tare da kashi 20% na kasuwa, Texas Instruments ya zama kato a cikin kasuwar transistor.

Mafi yawan abokan ciniki a kasuwa, gwamnatin Amurka da soja, suna so su yi amfani da kwakwalwan kwamfuta da yawa a cikin rokoki da makamai masu linzami, suna ƙara yawan ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa mai mahimmanci da kuma inganta amincin tashoshin sarrafawa.Amma transistors kuma za a fallasa su ga yanayin aiki mai tsauri sakamakon yanayin zafi da tashin hankali.

Germanium shine farkon wanda zai yi hasara idan yazo da yanayin zafi: germanium transistor zai iya jure yanayin zafi na 80 ° C kawai, yayin da bukatun soja shine aiki mai tsayi ko da a 200 ° C.Wanda kawai zai iya jure wa wannan zafin jiki shine siliki transistor.
Sendong ya ƙirƙiro tsarin kera transistors na silicon, wanda ya sa su zama masu sauƙi da inganci kamar littattafan bugu, kuma mai rahusa fiye da transistor na germanium a farashi.Tsarin Fairchild na yin transistor silicon ya kasance mai tsauri kamar haka.

Da farko, a kan zana shimfidar wuri da hannu, wani lokaci kuma mai girma har ya ɗauki bango, sa'an nan kuma a ɗauki hoton a mayar da zanen zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin takarda mai ɗaukar hoto, sau da yawa tare da hanyoyi biyu na zanen gado uku, kowannensu yana wakiltar nau'in kewayawa.

Abu na biyu, ana amfani da Layer na kayan da ke da haske a kan wafer siliki mai santsi da kuma goge, kuma ana amfani da UV/Laser don kare tsarin kewayawa daga takardar transillumination akan wafer silicon.

Abu na uku, wurare da layin da ke cikin duhun ɓangaren takardar transillumination suna barin ƙirar da ba a bayyana ba akan wafer silicon;waɗannan sifofin da ba a bayyana ba ana tsabtace su tare da maganin acid, kuma ko dai an ƙara ƙazanta na semiconductor (dabarun watsawa) ko kuma an sanya masu sarrafa karfe.

Na hudu, maimaita matakan ukun da ke sama na kowane wafer mai haske, za a iya samun adadi mai yawa na transistor a kan wafer silicon, wanda mata masu aiki ke yankewa a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, sannan a haɗa su da wayoyi, sannan a tattara su, a gwada su, ana sayar da su.

Tare da adadi mai yawa na siliki transistor a kasuwa, Fairchild, wanda Traitors takwas suka kafa, yana cikin kamfanonin da za su iya tsayawa tare da irin waɗannan ƙattai kamar Texas Instruments.
Direba mai mahimmanci - Intel
Ƙirƙirar da'irar haɗaɗɗiyar hanya ce ta gaba wacce ta taƙaita rinjayen germanium.A wancan lokacin akwai layukan fasaha guda biyu, ɗaya don haɗaɗɗun da'irori akan kwakwalwan germanium daga Texas Instruments da ɗaya don haɗaɗɗun da'irori akan guntun silicon daga Fairchild.Da farko dai, kamfanonin biyu sun yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan mallakar haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallaka, amma daga baya Ofishin Patent ya amince da mallakar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na kamfanonin biyu.
Koyaya, yayin da tsarin Fairchild ya sami ci gaba, ya zama ma'auni don haɗaɗɗun da'irori kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau.Daga baya, Noyce, wanda ya kirkiro da'irar hadedde, da Moore, wanda ya kirkiro Dokar Moore, ya bar Centron Semiconductor, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, su biyun mambobi ne na "Mayaƙa Takwas".Tare da Grove, sun kafa abin da yanzu shine babban kamfanin guntu na semiconductor a duniya - Intel.
A cikin ci gaba na gaba, Intel ya tura guntun siliki.Ya doke Texas Instruments, Motorola, da IBM don zama sarkin ma'ajiyar semiconductor da sashin CPU.

Kamar yadda Intel ya zama babban dan wasa a cikin masana'antar, silicon kuma ya ƙare germanium, kuma abin da ya kasance Santa Clara Valley an sake masa suna "Silicon Valley".Tun daga wannan lokacin, kwakwalwan silicon sun zama iri ɗaya da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na semiconductor a cikin fahimtar jama'a.