Halayen Samfur

Takardu & Mai jarida

Rarraba Muhalli & Fitarwa

MAX™ CPLD Series

Altera MAX™ hadaddun na'urar dabaru (CPLD) tana ba ku mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi, mafi ƙarancin farashi CPLDs.Iyalin MAX V CPLD, sabon dangi a cikin jerin CPLD, suna ba da mafi kyawun ƙimar kasuwa.Yana nuna keɓantaccen keɓaɓɓen, gine-ginen da ba mara canzawa ba kuma ɗayan manyan masana'antar CPLDs masu yawa, na'urorin MAX V suna ba da sabbin fasaloli masu ƙarfi a ƙaramin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da CPLDs masu gasa.Iyalin MAX II CPLD, dangane da gine-ginen gine-gine iri ɗaya, suna ba da ƙaramin ƙarfi da ƙarancin farashi akan I/O fil.MAX II CPLDs suna kan-kan-take, na'urori marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ke nufi gaba ɗaya-manufa, ƙaƙƙarfan dabaru da aikace-aikace masu ɗaukar nauyi, kamar ƙirar wayar hannu.Ƙarfin sifili MAX IIZ CPLDs suna ba da fa'idodi iri ɗaya waɗanda ba masu canzawa ba, fa'idodin nan take da aka samu a cikin dangin MAX II CPLD kuma ana amfani da su ga ayyuka da yawa.An ƙera shi akan tsarin 0.30-µm na ci gaba na CMOS, tushen EEPROM na MAX 3000A CPLD iyali yana ba da damar kai tsaye kuma yana ba da yawa daga 32 zuwa 512 macrocells.

MAX® V CPLDs

Altera MAX® V CPLDs suna isar da mafi kyawun ƙimar masana'antar a cikin ƙarancin farashi, ƙaramin ƙarfi CPLDs, suna ba da sabbin fasaloli masu ƙarfi har zuwa 50% ƙananan ƙarfin jimlar idan aka kwatanta da CPLDs masu gasa.Altera MAX V kuma yana da fasalin gine-gine na musamman, maras canzawa kuma ɗayan manyan CPLDs na masana'antu.Bugu da ƙari, MAX V yana haɗa ayyuka da yawa waɗanda a baya na waje, kamar walƙiya, RAM, oscillators, da madaukai masu kulle lokaci, kuma a yawancin lokuta, yana ba da ƙarin I / Os da dabaru akan sawun ƙafa ɗaya a farashi ɗaya kamar gasa CPLDs. .MAX V yana amfani da fasahar marufi koren, tare da fakiti ƙanana kamar 20 mm2.MAX V CPLDs suna samun goyan bayan Quartus II® Software v.10.1, wanda ke ba da damar haɓaka haɓaka aiki da ke haifar da saurin kwaikwaiyo, saurin kawo allo, da saurin rufe lokaci.

Menene CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) 

Fasahar bayanai, intanet, da kwakwalwan kwamfuta suna aiki a matsayin ginshiƙi na zamanin dijital na zamani.Kusan dukkanin fasahohin zamani sun dogara da na'urorin lantarki, tun daga intanet da sadarwar salula zuwa kwamfuta da sabar.Electronics filin ne mai faɗi darassa da yawa.Wannan labarin zai koya muku game da mahimman na'urar lantarki ta dijital da aka sani da CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device).

Juyin Halitta na Lantarki na Dijital

Kayan lantarkifili ne mai sarkakiya da ke da dubunnan na'urorin lantarki da abubuwan da ke tattare da su.Koyaya, a faɗo, na'urorin lantarki suna cikin manyan nau'ikan guda biyu:analog da dijital.

A farkon fasahar lantarki, da'irori sun kasance kwatankwacinsu, kamar sauti, haske, ƙarfin lantarki, da na yanzu.Koyaya, injiniyoyi na lantarki ba da daɗewa ba sun gano cewa da'irori na analog suna da rikitarwa sosai don ƙira da tsada.Bukatar yin aiki cikin sauri da saurin jujjuyawar lokuta ya haifar da haɓaka na'urorin lantarki na dijital.A yau kusan kowace na'urar kwamfuta da ke akwai ta ƙunshi ICs na dijital da na'urori masu sarrafawa.A cikin duniyar lantarki, tsarin dijital yanzu sun maye gurbin na'urorin lantarki na analog gaba daya saboda ƙananan farashin su, ƙananan ƙara, mafi kyausiginar mutunci, mafi kyawun aiki, da ƙananan rikitarwa.

Ba kamar adadi mara iyaka na matakan bayanai a siginar analog, siginar dijital kawai ta ƙunshi matakan dabaru guda biyu (1s da 0s).

Nau'in Na'urorin Lantarki na Dijital

Na'urorin lantarki na farko na dijital sun kasance masu sauƙi kuma sun ƙunshi ƙofofin dabaru kawai.Koyaya, bayan lokaci, rikitattun da'irori na dijital ya karu don haka, shirye-shirye ya zama muhimmin fasalin na'urorin sarrafa dijital na zamani.Daban-daban nau'o'i biyu na na'urorin dijital sun fito don samar da shirye-shirye.Ajin farko ya ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun ƙirar kayan masarufi tare da software da za a iya gyarawa.Misalan irin waɗannan na'urori sun haɗa da microcontrollers da microprocessors.Ajin na biyu na na'urorin dijital sun ƙunshi kayan aikin da za a iya daidaita su don cimma ƙirar da'ira mai sassauƙa.Misalan irin waɗannan na'urori sun haɗa da FPGAs, SPLDs, da CPLDs.

Guntuwar microcontroller tana da ƙayyadaddun da'irar dabaru na dijital wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba.Koyaya, ana samun damar shirye-shirye ta hanyar canza software/firmware da ke aiki akan guntun microcontroller.Akasin haka, PLD (na'urar dabaru na shirye-shirye) ta ƙunshi sel dabaru masu yawa waɗanda za'a iya daidaita haɗin haɗinsu ta amfani da HDL (harshen bayanin kayan masarufi).Don haka, ana iya gane da'irar dabaru da yawa ta amfani da PLD.Saboda wannan, aiki da saurin PLDs gabaɗaya sun fi na microcontrollers da microprocessors.PLDs kuma suna ba da masu zanen da'ira tare da mafi girman 'yanci da sassauci.

Haɗaɗɗen da'irori da ake nufi don sarrafa dijital da sarrafa sigina yawanci sun ƙunshi na'ura mai sarrafawa, da'irar dabaru, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.Ana iya gane kowane ɗayan waɗannan kayayyaki ta amfani da fasaha daban-daban.

Gabatarwa zuwa CPLD

Kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya, nau'ikan PLDs daban-daban (na'urorin dabaru na shirye-shirye) sun wanzu, kamar FPGA, CPLD, da SPLD.Bambanci na farko tsakanin waɗannan na'urori ya ta'allaka ne a cikin hadaddun kewayawa da adadin sel masu hankali.SPLD yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙofofin ɗari kaɗan, yayin da CPLD ya ƙunshi ƙofofin dabaru kaɗan kaɗan.

Dangane da rikitarwa, CPLD (complex programmable logic device) yana tsakanin SPLD (na'urar dabaru mai sauƙi) da FPGA don haka, ta gaji fasali daga waɗannan na'urori guda biyu.CPLDs sun fi SPLDs masu rikitarwa amma basu da rikitarwa fiye da FPGAs.

Mafi yawan SPLDs da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da PAL (programmable array logic), PLA (programmable loggic array), da GAL (generic array logic).PLA ya kunshi daya AND jirgin sama daya OR jirgin sama.Shirin bayanin kayan masarufi yana bayyana haɗin gwiwar waɗannan jirage.

PAL yayi kama da PLA duk da haka, akwai jirgin sama guda ɗaya da za'a iya tsarawa maimakon biyu (DA jirgin sama).Ta hanyar gyara jirgin sama ɗaya, ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin yana raguwa.Duk da haka, ana samun wannan fa'ida a farashin sassauci.

CPLD Architecture

Ana iya ɗaukar CPLD azaman juyin halitta na PAL kuma ya ƙunshi tsarin PAL da yawa da aka sani da macrocells.A cikin fakitin CPLD, duk fitilun shigarwa suna samuwa ga kowane macrocell, yayin da kowane macrocell yana da fitin fitarwa mai kwazo.

Daga zanen toshe, zamu iya ganin cewa CPLD ya ƙunshi macrocells da yawa ko tubalan ayyuka.Ana haɗe macrocells ta hanyar haɗin haɗin kai, wanda kuma ake kira GIM (matrix interconnection matrix na duniya).Ta hanyar sake saita GIM, za a iya gane da'irar dabaru daban-daban.CPLDs suna hulɗa tare da duniyar waje ta amfani da I/Os na dijital.

Bambanci tsakanin CPLD da FPGA

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, FPGAs sun zama sananne sosai a cikin ƙirƙira tsarin dijital na shirye-shirye.Akwai kamanceceniya da yawa da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin CPLD da FPGA.Dangane da kamanceceniya, duka biyun na'urorin dabaru ne da za'a iya tsarawa da suka ƙunshi tsararrun ƙofar dabaru.Dukansu na'urorin an tsara su ta amfani da HDLs kamar Verilog HDL ko VHDL.

Bambanci na farko tsakanin CPLD da FPGA yana cikin adadin ƙofofin.CPLD ya ƙunshi ƙofofin dabaru kaɗan kaɗan, yayin da adadin ƙofofin FPGA na iya kaiwa miliyoyi.Don haka, ana iya samun hadaddun da'irori da tsarin ta amfani da FPGAs.Ƙarƙashin wannan rikitarwa shine farashi mafi girma.Don haka, CPLDs sun fi dacewa da ƙaƙƙarfan aikace-aikace masu rikitarwa.

Wani maɓalli mai mahimmanci tsakanin waɗannan na'urori guda biyu shine cewa CPLDs sun ƙunshi ginanniyar EEPROM mara ƙarfi (mai iya gogewa ta hanyar lantarki, ƙwaƙwalwar damar shiga bazuwar), yayin da FPGAs ke da ƙayyadaddun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.Saboda wannan, CPLD na iya riƙe abinda ke ciki koda an kashe shi, yayin da FPGA ba za ta iya riƙe abun ciki ba.Bugu da ƙari, saboda ginanniyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi, CPLD na iya fara aiki nan da nan bayan an kunna wutar lantarki.Yawancin FPGAs, a gefe guda, suna buƙatar rafi kaɗan daga ƙwaƙwalwar waje mara mara ƙarfi don farawa.

Dangane da aiki, FPGAs suna da jinkirin sarrafa siginar da ba za a iya faɗi ba saboda ƙaƙƙarfan gine-ginen gine-gine da aka haɗa tare da shirye-shiryen al'ada na mai amfani.A cikin CPLDs, jinkirin fil-to-pin ya fi ƙanƙanta sosai saboda ƙirar gine-gine mai sauƙi.Jinkirin sarrafa siginar yana da mahimmancin la'akari a cikin ƙirar aminci-mahimmanci da shigar aikace-aikacen lokaci-lokaci.

Saboda mafi girman mitocin aiki da ƙarin hadaddun ayyuka na dabaru, wasu FPGAs na iya cinye ƙarfi fiye da CPLDs.Don haka, kula da thermal muhimmin mahimmanci ne a cikin tsarin tushen FPGA.Saboda wannan dalili, tushen tsarin FPGA yakan yi amfani da magudanar zafi da masu sanyaya sanyi kuma suna buƙatar manyan, ƙarin hadaddun samar da wutar lantarki da hanyoyin rarrabawa.

Daga mahangar tsaro na bayanai, CPLDs sun fi tsaro yayin da aka gina ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin guntu kanta.Akasin haka, yawancin FPGAs suna buƙatar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar waje mara ƙarfi, wanda zai iya zama barazanar tsaro na bayanai.Kodayake algorithms boye-boye suna cikin FPGAs, CPLDs sun fi tsaro a zahiri idan aka kwatanta da FPGAs.

Abubuwan da aka bayar na CPLD

CPLDs suna samun aikace-aikacen su a yawancin ƙananan-zuwa matsakaiciyar rikitarwa na dijital da da'irori sarrafa sigina.Wasu daga cikin mahimman aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da:

1. Ana iya amfani da CPLDs azaman bootloaders don FPGAs da sauran tsarin shirye-shirye.
2. Ana yawan amfani da CPLDs azaman masu gyara adireshi da injunan yanayi na al'ada a cikin tsarin dijital.
3. Saboda ƙananan girman su da ƙarancin wutar lantarki, CPLDs sun dace don amfani a cikin šaukuwa daabin hannuna'urorin dijital.
4. Ana kuma amfani da CPLDs a cikin aikace-aikacen sarrafawa mai mahimmanci.